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Stress when youre pregnant cause and effect thesis
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Assignment 2
Mommy Brain
1. Popular Article Summary. (5 pts) The purpose of this article was to see whether or not certain areas of a mother’s brain change after having a baby. The participants of the study were 19 women who had recently given birth. All of the women gave birth at the same hospital. Each of the participants had images taken of their brains two to four weeks, and three to four months after giving birth. This was done to see if their were any changes in the grey matter of their brain. The scientists discovered that grey matter does increase in certain areas of the brain after a woman gives birth. The areas where the scientist saw grey matter growth are associated with maternal behaviors, “The areas affected support maternal
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Mommy brain is when moms feel that they loose brain power after having a baby. The participants could be seen as all moms. The author does reference one study, “Half of new moms still felt super sleepy 18 weeks after giving birth, according to a recent study published in PLOS One,” (Mommy Brain: Yes, It's a Thing). The author, conflict of interest does not give any procedure, results,or implications since there isn't really any research happening in this article. She does how ever however give ways to help with “mommy brain”. Carole Anderson Lucia does not include any credentials,affiliations about herself in this article.
6. Discuss Internet Article: (5 pts) My opinion of this article is that is contains no real research or evidence for it’s claims. While the author does not seem to have any conflict of interest (no connection to any companies that are trying to persuade their customers), Carole Anderson Lucia does not provide any reference to studies about the topic. The author writes in her article that, “Many experts attribute the sluggishness to the upheaval of hormones that inevitably occurs after childbirth,” (Mommy
Brain: Yes, It's a Thing). However, Carole Anderson Lucia’s (the author) one supporting reference to a study done, is about how sleep causes “mommy brain”. This leads me to question the credibility of this
The human brain plays a big role in the functioning and co-ordination of the body. The human brain is divided into three key parts namely the fore brain, midbrain and hind brain. The average weight of the human brain is about 1.5 kilograms. The cerebrum is the major part of the human brain. Below the cerebrum is the brainstem and underneath the brainstem is the cerebellum. The male and female differ in a number of ways ranging from size, genetics, location, specialisation, connections among other differences. The differences are critical in the different ways men and women differ while they respond to a problem, what they think and what they talk.
The article, Occurrence of depression during the postpartum period and risk factors that affect the development of the depression, is about a study conducted by Demet Aktas and Fusun Terzioğlu in November 20, 2007 until January 30, 2008. This study involved 330 women who recently gave birth at the Women’s Health Education and Research Hospital in Ankara. The goal of this study was to determine the experiences of depression for these women and the risk factor involved that develop into postpartum depression.
Each second of fetal development during pregnancy is of extreme importance. This period of prenatal development is a time of change and growth with many factors affecting all areas of growth. Different stimuli having long-lasting effects on development is a process known as programming. The goal of this first article, (put the name of the article here) is to look into the idea of programming and how the influence of stress effects prenatal development. It begins with a biological approach. Looking at the role of Glucocorticoids cortisol in fetal development, the article states that they play a critical role in development and are associated with the “hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, one of the body’s major stress responsive systems.” (Davis & Sandman, 2010) This cortisol increases in mothers over the course of pregnancy and is important in brain development in the fetus. While these Glucocorticoids are important and essential to prenatal development, overexposure can lead to negative effects, including emotional disturbances in early childhood, deregulated stress responses in infa...
Breastfeeding is best for mom too. Increased levels of oxytocin stimulate postpartum uterine contractions, reducing blood loss and encouraging uterine contractions. From 3 months to 12 months postpartum, breastfeeding increases the rate of weight loss in most nursing mothers. Breastfeeding has even been found to lessen the severity of postpartum depression by keeping the hormonal levels more balanced. Breastfeeding also reduces the mother’s risk for breast cancer, cervical cancer, and osteoporosis, (Shinskie and Lauwers, 2002). It is important that the lactation consultant collaborate with the mother shortly after delivery to eliminate frustration and prevent the abandonment of br...
Devane, D., Gates, S., Hatem, M., Sandall, J., Soltani, H., (2009), Midwife-led versus other models of care for childbearing women (Review), 3
Postpartum depression affects 8-15% of mothers within a few days or weeks after giving birth. Some mothers experience a mild form of this disorder, while others experience a more rare and intense version. This intensified postpartum depression is known as postpartum psychosis. According to the Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law, Nau, McNiel, and Binder (2012) express “Postpartum psychosis occurs in 1-2 of 1,000 births and frequently requires hospitalization to stabilize symptoms.” These symptoms include: Hallucinations, restlessness, disturbed sleep, insomnia, drastic mood or behavior change, delusional thinking, thoughts of suicide or death, and extreme depression. In The Journal of Women's Health, Sit, Rothschild, and Wisner described postpartum psychosis as “an overt presentation of bipolar disorder that is timed to coincide with tremendous hormonal shifts after delivery”. Approximately 72%-88% of mothers who experience postpartum psychosis (PP) have bipolar illness, schizo-affective disorder or a family history of either which is why PP is classified as a psychotic disorder by the APAA.
The method will help to record the probability of the occurrence of certain variables. The statistical analysis model will help to develop the causation between dependent and the independent variables during the research study. One of the most anticipated results of the research is that the data will show that the human brain is characterized by increased plasticity during the early stages of life. That is caused by the fact that the brain cells undergo a more intensive development during childhood than during adulthood. Moreover, the research results are likely to prove that the brain experiences different intensity of development during neurogenesis, maturation, and pruning (Sherstnev, Golubeva, Aleksandrov & Solov’eva, 2015). Thus, it is important to understand the various steps of brain development to identify brain plasticity. Further, it is possible that the research will prove that the brain development is affected by various environmental factors, including parental-child relationships, peer relationships, early stress, and diet among others. The potential outcomes of the research will support the idea that brain is more plastic during
National Healthy Mothers, Healthy Baby Coalition []. Not just the baby blues: An interview on postpartum depression with william beardslee, md., Retrieved from http://www.hmhb.org/virtual-library/interviews-with-experts/postpartum-depression-ppd-1/
Komaroff, Anthony L. "Brain and Nervous System." The Harvard Medical School Family Health Guide. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999. 375-77. Print.
However, Figueiredo and Costa (2009) attest that fewer studies are conducted to examine how anxiety and depressive symptoms relate to the mother’s involvement with the fetus during pregnancy (Dubber et al.2014). Furthermore, it is vital for a mother to have a nurturing relationship with her fetus because it can improve the relationship between child and mother before birth. According to Alhusen (2013), “mothers who have higher maternal-fetal bonding demonstrate stable postpartum attachment styles along with progression in their child’s development in comparison to women with maternal-fetal bonding (Dubber et. al., 2014). Conversely, in the study that Figueiredo, Canário, and Field formed they explored the effects of prenatal and postpartum on breastfeeding and its effect on postpartum depression (p.927). Their findings suggested that by screening for depressive symptoms when a woman is pregnant will helps identify when a mother should stop breastfeeding in addition, the limited breastfeeding can decrease any symptoms of depression from childbirth. (Figueiredo, Canário, and Field, 2014). This relates to the study produced by Dubber et. al (2014), that found mothers who are more attached to their child during pregnancy are more likely to be closer to their child. Thus, breast feeding and maternal-fetal bonding has positive effects
Postpartum depression is a mental health issue that affects women in the days, weeks, and months after giving birth to a baby. (Yawn, Bertram, Kurland, & Wollan, 2015, p. 228) Symptoms of postpartum depression can occur up to a year after delivery. Lavoie (2015) explained that postpartum depression is such a high priority concern because of the lifetime influence it can have on the mother as well as the newborn’s quality of life and the potential for life threatening events if it remains undiagnosed. (p. 56)
The benefits of breastfeeding have been shown time after time. Beginning with emotional health to physical, and then onto psychological health. Breastmilk has essential nutrients. I want to propose a study that analyzes the overall physical, emotional, and psychological benefits of breastfeeding. It’s important to analyze the key nutrients and benefits of different types of breastmilk. I want to take these four studies into consideration and do further research on the physical and emotional benefits of breastfeeding. There are many reasons why breastfeeding
way, learning involves comprehending the world by reinterpreting knowledge (Ramsden,1992). The process of learning begins from birth, a young child experiences significant brain development which is imperative for visual health, limb coordination, posture and overall physical and mental well being. From the moment of entering the word to the moment we scientifically cease existing human beings are constantly learning how to cope,coexist, and be productive with the state of their environment. The environment’s both physical and social conditions significantly impacts the life of its inhabitants . The physical environment however can impact the learning capabilities of a person from the fourth week into a pregnancy, as it is at this stage where the human brain begins to develop. At this stage a fetus does not have a functional blood barrier to protect against neurotoxic insult. An article printed in the Unites States Nation Library of Medicine presented that environmental and chemical exposure factors can cause neurotoxic damage to the delicate brain growth processes in an unborn child during pregnancy, thereby demonstrating potential to cause Learning Disabilities .
According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) report card, breastfeeding continues to rise in the United States. The most recent study was taken between 2013-2016 and, showed that 4 out of 5 mothers decided to breastfeed. (Morton, 2016). Over half were breastfeeding after 6 months and about one-third at 12 months. (Morton, 2016). Although, there is an increase in the number of mothers who have decided to breastfeed exclusively, there is a great number of mothers who are not meeting the recommendations to continue exclusive breastfeeding. This paper is aimed to provide information on the benefits of breastfeeding for enhanced nutrition of the infant, bonding between mother and infant, and the benefits of greater immunity to diseases
Wells, M., & Vaughn, B. V. (2012). Poor Sleep Challenging the Health of a Nation. Neurodiagnostic Journal,52(3), 233-249.