Microorganisms are very tiny living organisms. They are microscopic and may be unicellular or multicellular (Madigan and Martinko 2006). The microorganisms include all prokaryotes and some eukaryotes. They are usually not visible to the naked eye, but some macroscopic ones can be seen with naked eye also (Max Planck Society Research News Released Accessed 15 September 2012).
Microorganisms include bacteria, archaea, protozoa, fungi, algae and some members of the kingdom Animalia such as rotifers and planarians. Viruses also fall under this category, i.e., microorganisms but some researchers even consider viruses as non living (Rybicki 1990) (LWOFF 1956).
Microorganisms inhabit every sphere of this planet Earth. They inhabit the most extreme environments where no other living organisms can survive. Such microbes are known as “Extremophiles”. These may include the following:
a) Acidophiles:- these include those organisms which can survive in highly acidic conditions or at very low pH which is generally less than 2. Acidophiles belong to all the three classes namely Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya. Example: Acetobacter aceti, Dunaliella acidophila, Acidianus infernus etc.
b) Basophiles:- this class include organisms which can thrive in extremely alkaline conditions with a pH of more than 10. These are also known as Alkaliphiles. Example: Halorhodospira halochloris, Natromonas pharaonis, Thiohalospira alkaliphira etc.
c) Thermophiles:- these are those organisms which thrive easily at very high temperatures such as 45 degree Celsius and up to 122 degree Celsius. At such high temperatures no other living organisms are found to survive except this certain class of microorganisms. Examples: Sulfobolus solfataricus, Sulfobolus acidocalda...
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...ttributed to the fact that they are too expensive and the range of toxic materials that they can decontaminate is very less.
This has led the researchers to look for alternative solutions. This is how the use of microorganisms for bioremediation first started. This use of microorganisms provides an environment friendly technique of remediation of harmful substances without having any alternative effect which may disturb the homeostasis of environment in any manner.
Many microorganisms live in the body of human beings and other animals also. Most common of these is bacteria Lactobacillus which is found in the human mouth, intestine and vagina of females. Lactobacillus has the ability to bind to detoxify some of the most harmful radionuclides and toxic metals. Due to this property, Lactobacillus is now also used in packed frozen foods and fermented preparations also.
Escherichia coli is a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae. It is a bacterium with a cell wall that has many components. Escherichia coli can live without oxygen which means that it is a facultative anaerobe. It is also capable of fermenting lactose under anaerobic conditions, and in the absence of alternative electron acceptors. There are effects and various factors that limit its growth rate. Its morphology consists of a rod-shaped gram negative bacteria that is commonly found in soil, water, vegetation, human intestines, as well as the intestines of animals. Its presence can be good or bad.
Amoebae of the genus Naegleria are identified in part by their ability to create a temporary flagellate phase once exposed to nutritional scarcity. N fowleri is confirmed to be a typical eukaryotic protist by electron microscopy examination (Patterson et al., 1981).
There are numerous types of bacteria that can be found in every environment. Each bacterium has different morphology which includes shape, texture and pigment production. These bacteria also have different food requirements which are important in being able to identify a microorganism. Microorganisms are a diverse group containing all bacteria a single cell prokaryotic organism that is found in every type of environment, archea single cell microorganism that lacks nuclei and almost all microorganisms are protozoa a unicellular eukaryotic organism. By identifying the causative agent of a bacterium within an individual, an antibiotic can be developed to prevent health issues. Microorganisms are also used to make certain food products for human consumption. An example of this would be the production of yogurt. It has probiotics that help with digestive abnormalities amongst other things. Probiotics are microorganisms that are consumed to provide health benefits in the body. Probiotics work by replacing the disturbed microbe with ones that are useful to digest. With the methods that wer...
Slack, John M. and I. S. Snyder. Bacteria and Human Disease. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc., 1978.
Cyanobacteria are one of the largest and most important groups of bacteria on the earth. Often called ‘the blue-green algae’ Cyanobacteria is in fact, not an algae at all. Algae are eukaryotic, whereas cyanobacteria, is a bacteria, and is prokaryotic. The name algae is used to refer to any aquatic organisms capable of photosynthesis, so the term is considered general, though in this case, inaccurate. Being tiny and normally unicellular, cyanobacteria grow in large colonies, making them visible to the human eye, and often dominate aquatic habitats such as shorelines. Over their 3.5 billion year reign, Cyanobacteria have helped to successfully establish the earth’s atmosphere, making it possible for human life forms to thrive and some of the oldest known fossils in the world are cyanobacteria, earning it the title of one of the great survivors of all time.
Prokaryotes have been around for at least 3.5 billion years, considering that the earth is over 4.5 billion years old. They are the earliest known organisms to ever inhabit the earth. Still small and insignificant they may seem, they have been able to endure and evolve on their own for over 2 billion years. They have produced a substantial impact on all life as we know on earth, and they have been able to go on to survive and adapt to an ever evolving land.
...standing the nature of relationship between the residing microbes inside human cells and about their function is very important to put an end to this war and to live in peace with the natural organisms that are benefitting human body and their survival has become our primary importance.
Microorganism is a living thing that cannot be seen by naked eye and is so small in size. Microorganism usually can be seen through microscope because microscope have the ability to see small thing using various magnification. The examples of microorganism are bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae and virus. Among all of the microorganisms, bacteria have the greatest advantages in preserving food and beverages. Bacteria are generally harmless but can produce enzymes that can alter the structure the food. In extreme cases, bacteria can secrete toxic substances that can cause the food to spoil.
There are several types of treatment methods present but biological treatment methods have gained much traction in the recent years due to their low operation costs, comparatively benign effects on the environment and their ease of handling and maintenance. Biological wastewater treatment methods can be subcategorized into dispersed growth systems and attached growth systems. Biofilms fall under the latter category (Sehar & Naz, 2016)
Activate sludge system: Using natural biological such bacteria in which they help to remove contaminant.
They also describe microbes as organisms that are often too small to be seen without the aid of a microscope. Microbes, also known as microorganisms, can be broken down into four classifications that are bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.
Yeast Yeast are a tiny form of fungi or plant-like microorganism (visible only under a microscope) that exist in or on all living matter i.e. water, soil, plants, air, etc. A common example of a yeast is the bloom we can observe on grapes. As a living organism yeast needs sugars, water and warmth to stay alive. In addition, albumen or nitrogenous material are also necessary for yeast to thrive.
However, even though many biofilms are harmful, there are many helpful biofilms too. One of which is the biofilm that is used in sewage and is very effective at treating environmental wastes. People rely on these biofilms to remove contaminants from the water. Another example of a beneficial biofilm is one that can be used to produce a greatly diverse amount of biochemicals that are then purified and utilized for public good, including medicines, food additives, or chemical additives for cleaning products. These are two examples of helpful biofilms.
Different types of bacteria have different range of temperature they are able to survive. They are generally divided into three types: psychrophiles, mesophiles and thermophiles. Psychrophilic bacteria are able to survive in low temperatures ranging from about -10 to 20°C while thermophilic bacteria are able to thrive in high temperatures ranging from 40 to 75°C. These two types of bacteria are also known as extremophiles due to their ability to survive in extreme conditions. Mesophilic bacteria are bacteria that thrive in temperatures ranging from 10 to 45°C and usually have an optimum growth temperature of about 37°C (M. Furlong, n.d.).
It is a single-celled organism that is not visible to the human eye, which means it can only be seen with a microscope. Bacteria are classified as Prokaryotes. They make their own food from the sunlight and can absorb food from the materials that they live on.