Microbial biofilms are populations of microorganisms that are concentrated at an interface and typically surrounded by an extra cellular polymeric slime matrix. Biofilms can form on both solid surfaces such as teeth or dental implants and soft tissue such as gums and cheek walls.
Microbial biofilms cause dental caries and periodontal infections. Normal host immune defenses do no remove microbial biofilms and they are also resistant to the effects of antimicrobial agents.
Biofilm moves through several stages of development in its formation. In the first stage, free floating planktonic bacteria adhere to the bio material surface. In stage two, cells combine and form micro colonies which excrete extracellular polymeric substances also
In fact, the first stage occurs in mere milliseconds and the second stage only takes from a few seconds to a few minutes; this second stage is the stage in which the attachment of the bacteria becomes permanent. The growth and division of bacteria which occurs in the third stage and the fourth stage in which the biofilm matures, happens in a period of hours to as long as a few days. The final stage in which the biofilm reaches critical mass and disperses bacteria which continues to colonize other surfaces, occurs in the subsequent days, weeks and months following the initial stage of biofilm formation.
The bacteria that live in biofilms are difficult to treat for many reasons. Oral biofilms are varied and complex and each has its own individual micro-ecology. This micro-ecology changes as it matures and during the maturation process the density of microbes increases. The mature biofilm becomes more difficult to treat because the maturation process provides protection against
The products do not kill osteoblasts and fibroblasts and they outperform chlorhexidine products as antimicrobials. ClōSYS products do not burn the mouth, stain the teeth or impede healing. They contain no alcohol, no animal products, no Triclosan and no SLS. When used twice daily, the products provide optimum prevention and oral care. Finally, ClōSYS products have been recommended by Doctors, Dentists, Nurses, Hygienists, Pharmacists and Clinics.
The Core Product Technology used in ClōSYS products is Clorastan™, a patented formula of stabilized chlorine dioxide. Its composition is pH-neutral and balanced to match a healthy oral ecology. It is buffered and stabilized to remain stable from the time of manufacture to the time of use and to release the active ingredient when introduced into the mouth.
The composition is activated in the following several ways: o By amino acids found in human saliva o Through oxidation of volatile sulfur compounds o By acid-producing bacteria found in biofilms o By mechanical action, such as
Bacteria can function and reproduce as single cells but often combine into multicellular colonies. Bacteria are also surrounded by a cell wall. Archaea differ from bacteria in their genetics and biochemistry. Their cell membranes are made with different material than bacteria.
[7]Similarly they are contraindicated in patients with low caries risk, teeth with shallow self cleansing grooves, patients with good oral hygiene maintenance,
According to the American Dental Association, gum disease, also referred to as periodontal disease, occurs when the tissues that support and surround your teeth become infected. Many people are unaware they even have gum disease, because it isn’t a painful disease. Periodontal disease is caused by a film of sticky bacteria called plaque forming on the teeth.
For those that have bad habits with cigarettes, Tobacco Cessation Counseling is available. Cigarettes cause tooth loss, rotting, and surface stains; hygienist make sure to pass this information to the patient and help them to understand that quitting is the best option if they want to keep their teeth. As said before, a hygienist informs the patient on what foods to avoid. Nutritional Counseling is provided if a hygienist believes there is danger with a patients teeth such as diseases. (Dental Hygiene Clinic) Any foods with high acidity is something a dental hygienist would recommend avoiding. For example, apples, hard candies, popcorn, diet sodas, and salad dressing. Enamel is the hardest structure in the human body. It’s even harder than bones. When the enamel is exposed to acid, it wears down and erodes. This is how tooth erosion and decay happens. They will educate the patient with what foods to replace the bad ones with. Although, a dentist is who performs the restorations, a hygienist can still inform what will happen. Because of the fact that hygienists usually see patients before the dentist, they will give feedback to the dentist and recommend restorations in the mouth. They specialize in providing clinical and educational services (Sealy Dental Center) so they are very useful to dentists. When a patient has missing, chipped, or sharpened teeth, a restoration is done to replace the originals. Some examples
For bacteria to be utilised to its full potential and to meet the demands of quantity need for the production of foods and medicines it is key that experts are able to firstly distinguish what type bacteria is need for a certain production and secondly, and very importantly, how to reproduce that bacteria to create enough of it needed for mass production of a certain product.
The prevention of periodontitis is straightforward for patients. The first step in prevention is to assure that the patient is brushing twice a day utilising the proper brushing technique. Patients who fear the contraction of periodontitis are not encouraged to brush too much however, as excessive brushing with poor technique can lead to other oral problems such as the reduction of the gums (gingival recession). Brushing at least twice a day help inhibit the growth of unwanted bacteria and prevents plaque, and thus tartar from forming. Patients who wish to prevent periodontitis should also floss daily. Flossing daily includes the spaces between each tooth, as well as behind the last two molars on the mandibular and maxillary arches. Flossing should get in below the gum line to prevent bacteria from congregating just below the surface. The last at home, over-the-counter treatment available for the prevention of periodontitis is the use of an antiseptic mouthwash. While proper use of mouthwash in conjunction with the other techniques can help cure gingivitis, once periodontal disease has elapsed stage 1 of periodontal disease, no amount of mouthwash or brushing can restore attachment lost in the periodontium.
Dental professionals should promote a message that a strong biologic connection exists between oral and systemic health. Therefore, having a good understanding of oral health and systemic health is beneficial and can help you protect yourself. Streptococcus mutants, the bacteria found in periodontal infection are also the bacteria found in many of the cardiovascular diseases. This establishes a strong relationship between these two conditions.
However, on the a recent visit dated 23/12/13 the patient’s gingival condition had deteriorated, presenting with an increased plaque scores of 34% and bleeding scores to 63%. Intra oral examination also showed generalised oedema and erythema throughout in the mouth in response to this increase in plaque bacteria. The presence of supra-gingival calculus on lower anterior teeth and both sites of upper buccal molars and the patients BPE now reads 212 /121, putting the patients caries risk at a ‘High’ status.
Dental plaque is the combination of bacteria embedded in a matrix of salivary proteins and bacterial products superimposed on the acquired pellicle (Berkovitz, et al., 2011). It is an example of a biofilm, a term used to describe relatively undefinable microbial community associated with a tooth surface or any other hard, non-shedding material (Reddy, 2008). Plaque can also be described as
Bacterial cells, like plant cells, are surrounded by a cell wall. However, bacterial cell walls are made up of polysaccharide chains linked to amino acids, while plant cell walls are made up of cellulose, which contains no amino acids. Many bacteria secrete a slimy capsule around the outside of the cell wall. The capsule provides additional protection for the cell. Many of the bacteria that cause diseases in animals are surrounded by a capsule. The capsule prevents the white blood cells and antibodies from destroying the invading bacterium. Inside the capsule and the cell wall is the cell membrane. In aerobic bacteria, the reactions of cellular respiration take place on fingerlike infoldings of the cell membrane. Ribosomes are scattered throughout the cytoplasm, and the DNA is generally found in the center of the cell. Many bacilli and spirilla have flagella, which are used for locomotion in water. A few types of bacteria that lack flagella move by gliding on a surface. However, the mechanism of this gliding motion is unknown. Most bacteria are aerobic, they require free oxygen to carry on cellular respiration. Some bacteria, called facultatibe anaerobes can live in either the presence or absence of free oxygen. They obtain energy either by aerobic respiration when oxygen is present or by fermentation when oxygen is absent. Still other bacteria cannot live in the presence of oxygen. These are called obligate anaerobes. Such bacteria obtain energy only fermentation. Through fermentation, different groups of bacteria produce a wide variety of organic compounds. Besides ethyl alcohol and lactic acid, bacterial fermentation can produce acetic acid, acetone, butyl alcohol, glycol, butyric acid, propionic acid, and methane, the main component of natural gas. Most bacteria are heterotrophic bacteria are either saprophytes or parasites. Saprophytes feed on the remains of dead plants and animals, and ordinarily do not cause disease. They release digestive enzymes onto the organic matter. The enzymes breakdown the large food molecules into smaller molecules, which are absorbed by the bacterial cells. Parasites live on or in living organisms, and may cause disease. A few types of bacteria are Autotrophic, they can synthesize the organic nutrients they require from inorganic substances. Autotrophic bacteria are either photosynthetic or Chemosynthetic. The photosynthetic bacteria contain chlorophyll that are different from the plant chlorophyll. In bacterial photosynthesis, hydrogen is obtained by the splitting of compounds other than water.
Biofilms can form on many surfaces, including natural aquatic systems, human teeth, medical devices like artificial heart valves and catheters,
Researchers have identified hundreds of oral diseases however, majority of oral fatalities in the world are caused by a select few. Dental Cavities has proven to be the most common and widespread example of oral diseases. Like I said earlier, I had a dental cavity before and according to the World Health Organization (WHO), 60–90% of school children and nearly 100% of adults also have dental cavities Worldwide (WHO 2015). Dental cavities are holes (or structural damage) in the teeth and it usually occurs in children and young adults, but can affect any person. Dental cavities develop when bacteria normally found in your mouth change foods (especially sugar and starch) into acids. Bacteria, acid, food pieces, and saliva combine in the mouth to form a sticky substance called plaque. Plaque adheres to the teeth and when t is not removed from the teeth turns into a
Addition of air and mechanical mixing to enchance the growth of bacteria and ficilitate subsequent waste reduction
Biofilms are formed by a six step process. First is a reversible process, when an organic monolayer(made of polysaccharides or glycoproteins) absorbs to the surface, altering the chemical and physical properties of the surface. This makes the surface more conditioned and increase the chance that planktonic bacteria will attach. Secondly, also a reversible step, is when the free-floating or planktonic bacteria encounter the conditioned surface, and some attachment of the bacteria may occur. The third step is when the bacteria is left attached too long, then an irreversible attachment occurs. F...
Biosurfactants are amphiphilic surface-active compounds made up of hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains which are naturally produced by bacteria, yeast, and fungi (Banat et al., 2010). Bacteria known as the main group of microorganisms that capable to produce biosurfactants (Femi-Ola et al., 2015). According to Mulligan (2009), biosurfactants are environmentally friendly compared to synthetic surfactants.