Learning Experience Paper: Smoking Cessation Throughout one’s lifetime, an individual undergoes a magnitude of various learning experiences, all of which serve as a shaping agent, consequently forming personality traits that are unique to each human being. Examining this fact, what does learning mean, precisely? Namely, the definition of learning is the resulting change in behavior or knowledge that occurs through experience (Boundless, 2016). Moreover, (from a psychological aspect) associative learning entails linking particular stimuli or events that occur jointly within the environment (such as in classical and operant conditioning). Alternatively, cognitive-social …show more content…
Unconditioned Responses (UCR): unlearned, automatic reflexes; 2. Conditioned Responses (CR): a reaction that is learned, in contrast with a reflex. Additionally, Ivan Pavlov found that upon introducing an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) - which elicits a reflex from an organism - induces an unconditioned response (UCR) - the organism’s natural reaction to the stimulus being presented. The scent of dinner cooking = (UCS) Salivation (UCR), for example. Further elaborating, classical conditioning involves the following three stages: 1. Before: the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is presented to the organism, eliciting the unconditioned response (UCR). Next, the presentation of a neutral stimulus (NS) - a stimulus that does not initiate a natural response; 2. During: the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is repetitiously being presented directly after each presentation of the neutral stimulus (NS), thus, eliciting the original unconditioned response (UCR); 3. After: the neutral stimulus (NS) solely produces a conditioned response (CR), therefore, becoming the conditioned stimulus (CS) - a stimulus that generates a response after repetitious pairing (thus, associating) with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). (OpenStax, 2016, pp. …show more content…
Eventually, the CR decreases as a result of the UCS no longer being presented alongside the CS. According to PsychologyNotesHQ (2016), this method of behavior reversal is aversion therapy, and, often utilized for assisting with cessation of addictions. For instance, before the application of behavioral aversion, the patient associates an undesired behavior (addiction) with positive feelings. However, once the steps for avoidance initiates, the appeal of the addiction diminishes, as the patient replaces feelings of positivity with an undesirable reaction, such as vomiting. Ultimately, this is how I conditioned myself to cease addiction to cigarettes - every time I smoked a cigarette, convincing myself that each inhalation of smoke tastes like manure (instantaneously inducing severe nausea). Below, [Figure 1.3] demonstrates the aversion conditioning model: Conversely, smoking cessation is not purely limited to this type of behavioral therapy, as reversing all habitual activities involving cigarettes or smoking cues, is also employable by performing operant conditioning or cognitive-social learning, as well. Operant Conditioning Based on the research of B.F. Skinner, the operant conditioning method of learning is where the stimulus/experience transpires
Learning is understanding the relations between various occurrences. We learn these associations through conditioning, which connects environmental incentives and behavior.
Objective 10 reads, “Increase tobacco cessation counseling in health care settings.” In 2007, 19.2 percent of visits to office-based ambulatory care settings for tobacco users over age 18 included tobacco cessation counseling. In 2010, the number ...
The unconditioned stimulus is the old spicy guy. It is when unconditioned stimulus triggers a response. When women see their commercial it sends a feeling of arousal, which lead to conditioned stimulus of desiring the product. The conditioned stimulus would be the old spice product because that is the kind of stimulus that is occasion for a conditioned response, which is advertisement and response campaign. Unconditioned response would be desire for one’s significant other to look and smell like the old spice guy. That would be unconditioned response because the behavior is natural, a...
4) The Controlled Response (CR) – Is a leant reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of prior conditioning.
To explain the neutral stimulus (NS) is a condition that without any being followed by a response. A stimulus that comes together with another stimulus to produce a reaction. For example, a (NS) can be a person, object, place, however, either or would bring a change to affect the behavior of another, with the activity of something else happening to make a response (McLeod, 2014). The nucleus stimulus alone will not produce a reaction. In other words, a bottle of perfume sitting on the cabinet, the perfume will be noted as a (NS), unless someone spray the scented bottle it will not produce any effects. Therefore, the unconditioned response is brought forth to help provide an unconditioned response.
It is universally understood that individuals experience change whether it be their basic schema or their everyday actions. These changes occur on various occasions throughout one’s life time. However, how these changes occur is undecided between theorists. Two important theories are the biological/evolutionary and learning theories. Learning theories can be understood through two theorists- B.F. Skinner, and John Watson. Biological/evolutionary theories are explained and enhanced by David Buss and Hans Esnyeck. The learning theories attempt to understand individual changes by studying the idea of learnt traits, characteristics and actions. Whereas biological/evolutionary theories attempt to understand the functions of these changes. Have chosen
The purpose of the policy is to educate new employees especially nurses at the hospital we manage on how to approach patient on smoke cessation. Eployee will be trained monthly on the importance of how prolong explosure to necontine can affect the human body and potentially our patients. Our goal is to safe lives by preventing the many health complications that smoking causes.111111111111111111111111
Conditioning, is a “behavioural process whereby a response becomes more frequent or more predictable in a given environment as a result of reinforcement, with reinforcement typically be...
Skinner, A.R. (1935).Two type of conditioned reflex and a pseudo type. Journal of General Psychology, 38: 168-172.
According to Ellen and Susan 2013, there are three element of Clasical Conditioning. First, the Uncoditioned Stimulus and Responce: an unconditioned stimulus is “A stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response“ (Jeffry S. Navid 176). On ther hand, an uncoditioned response refers to “a response that is natural and needs no training“ (R. Feldman 170). Second, the Nuteral Stimulus is astimukus that does not elisit unconditioned response. Finally, Pairing the neutural and uncoditioned stimulus.
Smoking is the leading cause of death in the world. An estimated 23% of males and 18% of females smoke cigarettes. Smoking has been linked to heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer and increases risk for cancer of the bladder, throat, mouth, kidney, cervix, and pancreas. In addition to the effects on the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems, cigarette smoking can increase irritability, impatience, hostility, anxiety, depressed mood, and restlessness (American Heart Association, 2014). On average, those who smoke have a shorter
Another example of classical conditioning is when Pavlov had studied dogs that salivated when they tasted food. He called the food the “unconditioned stimulus and the salivation the unconditioned response” (McLeod). This was unconditioned because salivating was a natural response to the food. Pavlov then rang a bell before the food was presented to the dogs. Eventually, the dogs associated the sound of a bell with food. The bell is a conditioned stimulus and the salivation the conditioned response. Alex had a similar experience to that of the dogs. The injections he received were an unconditioned stimulus and the sickness was an unconditioned response to the injections. Since the scientists made him watch ultra-violent videos while being injected, he began to associate what he saw with what he felt. The ultra-violence became the conditioned stimulus, and Alex’s sickness without the injection became the conditioned
Learning is defined as a “process of change that occurs as a result of an individual’s experience” (Mazure, 2006). Researchers assume that the process of learning follows certain general principles, which were developed, into the general process learning theories. These include operant conditioning and classical conditioning which has been put forward by leading psychologists like Pavlov, B.F.Skinner and Thorndike. However, in learning, operant and classical conditoning are opposed by biological constraints that state that there are limitations to the theories. Some of these biological constraints on learning will be discussed below.
In operant conditioning stimuli are associated with a reinforcer or punishment. Generalization occurs when an individual responds to similar stimuli in the same way and discrimination occurs when they respond to some stimuli but not others. Stimulus discrimination training refers to the strategy in which an individual is taught to engage in certain behaviors in the presence of particular stimuli. This type of training can either be conducted using classical or instrumental conditioning procedures. In instrumental conditioning procedures the stimulus that signals the availability of the reinforcement is referred to as the S+, while the stimulus that signals the lack of reinforcement is called the S-. The S+ and S- are called discriminative stimuli once they have successfully gained control of the behavior of an individual. The S+ is the discriminative stimuli for performing an instrumental response while the S- is the discriminative stimuli for not performing such a response. Dr. Kenneth W. Spence produced a theory of discrimination learning, which aimed to gain a better understanding on what is
In modern psychology, learning is an important topic. To understand learning, one must also understand the role of behavior in relation to learning. In psychology, classical conditioning, and instrumental conditioning are two types of learning that explain changes in behavior. The relationship between learning and cognition is necessary and their relationship helps to understand learning. With a definition of learning along with an understanding of behavior, the types of learning, and cognition, one can understand what learning is.