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Strengths and weaknesses in behaviorism
Behaviorism as a perspective on human nature
Behaviorism theory
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To explain the neutral stimulus (NS) is a condition that without any being followed by a response. A stimulus that comes together with another stimulus to produce a reaction. For example, a (NS) can be a person, object, place, however, either or would bring a change to affect the behavior of another, with the activity of something else happening to make a response (McLeod, 2014). The nucleus stimulus alone will not produce a reaction. In other words, a bottle of perfume sitting on the cabinet, the perfume will be noted as a (NS), unless someone spray the scented bottle it will not produce any effects. Therefore, the unconditioned response is brought forth to help provide an unconditioned response. Although, throughout this process behavior
Kurayama, Matsuzawa, Komiya, Nakazawa, Yoshida, Shimizu, (2012) confirmed that these neutral stimuluses deed indeed has an effect and played a role in fear conditioning in people. The case showed that Treena had indeed learned to be scared of the incident and it proceeded to become a cue for to get anxious and get panic attacks. It has been claimed that patients with panic disorder exhibited fear potentiated startle responses to safety cues and therefore reduced discrimination between safety and danger signals during acquisition, indicating that the safety signal was processed as the aversive event in contrast to the danger signal (Nees, Heinrich, Flor, 2015). It also showed that the her failing to answer the question had affected her in other classes when she would not participate in other classes hence, this showed that the neutral stimulus has developed and grew into a conditioned stimulus which evoked feelings of fear and anxiety in her, in other words it had become a cue for her to be scared and
In the case study, Jim Colbert, a third grade teacher, struggles to help a boy named Carlos. This Public School 111 was located in a metropolitan, run down neighborhood. The school was surrounded by drug dealers and trash. However, the inside of the school was bright and welcoming. Here the students were placed according to their abilities, and Jim had a 3-A class for the high achieving students. Jim had a routine that he followed every day. He would take the learning and apply it to the student’s lives with practical examples. To begin the day Jim would go through the homework with the students, and here he began to notice that Carlos was misspelling many of his words. Carlos comprehended the readings, but he was behind in his spelling. Jim talked with the other third grade teacher, Paul, about Carlos. Then, he talked to Carlos about the problem, asking him if he could get help at home. Here Jim discovered that Carlos would get little to no help at home. Jim sent home a dictionary with Carlos so that he could check his spelling, and he saw
A stimulus creates a change in the potential difference between the inside and outside of the cell so that the inside is less negative, but no action potential is created. What is this called?
U.T. Place and J.J.C. Smart defend the view that a sensation state is a type of brain process. The ‘Sensation-Brain Process Identity Theory’ states: For any type of sensation state S, there is a type of brain state B such that: S = B. For Place, conscious experience is nothing but a brain process. Place and Smart argue against the view that acceptance of inner processes entails dualism (Place 44). Instead they hold conscious qualities can effectively be reduced to physical processes which are conscious states. A sensation state is an inner process. Inner processes according to Place and Smart are nothing ‘over and above’ brain processes. Under their view, the experience one has when tasting vanilla is the same thing as the object undergoing the corresponding type of brain process. The ‘Brain Process Identity Theory’ argues the ‘feel’ we associate with exposure of vanilla to the tongue is identical to a type of brain process cause by said exposure. To postulate non-physical properties to explain conscious states would bear the burden of proof.
Other areas of psychophysics determine the difference in sensitivity for different individuals. Some observers have a tendency to respond to certain stimuli in a distinct way, which is known as response bias. In order to sort out the problem of response bias, signal detection theory (which identifies two distinct responses in sensory detection) is used. The way this is done is by administering an initial test to establish the observer’s sensitivity, followed by a second test which establishes if the observer possesses a response bias...
The unconditioned stimulus is the old spicy guy. It is when unconditioned stimulus triggers a response. When women see their commercial it sends a feeling of arousal, which lead to conditioned stimulus of desiring the product. The conditioned stimulus would be the old spice product because that is the kind of stimulus that is occasion for a conditioned response, which is advertisement and response campaign. Unconditioned response would be desire for one’s significant other to look and smell like the old spice guy. That would be unconditioned response because the behavior is natural, a...
The unconditional stimulus in this example was the instructor asking a student who was close to the light switch to turn off the lights when a video link was displayed on the screen.
I. Introduction of classical conditioning Classical conditioning also called as Pavlovian conditioning or respondent conditioning. It is a kind of learning a new behavior through association that when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) and evokes a conditioned response (CR). It also is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus (Cherry, 2014). Classical conditioning has much strength such as can help to explain all aspects of human behavior and many of advertisers will use classical conditioning to advertise their produces, however it also have some weaknesses such as all classical conditioning responses must involve a reflex and classical conditioning is a completely physical process, learning is not important as reflected in scenario. This paper will talk about the strengths and the weaknesses of classical conditioning theory followed by a brief description of the scenario and the strengths and weaknesses of applying classical conditioning on it.
The preparatory-response model was first proposed by Pavlov and is a type of classical conditioning. Pavlov suggested that a conditioned stimulus can act as a substitute for an unconditioned stimulus. An example of the preparatory-response theory involves cases in which conditioning eventually results in a conditioned response that appears to be opposite of the original unconditioned response. This type of preparatory response is called a compensatory response and is easily observed in habitual drug users. The user can learn to associate cues from the environment that are commonly present when using a drug the body begins to prepare itself for the effect.
The unconditioned stimulus (US) has no prior learning involved, but still yields a reaction. It is followed by an unconditioned response (UR) that is inevitably produced from the original stimulus. The conditioned stimulus (CS) is a previously neutral stimulus that eventually causes a response after being associated with the unconditioned stimulus. Finally, the conditioned response (CR) is the learned response to the conditioned stimulus once there is a connection between the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus (King, 2004). In Pavlov’s experiment, the food was the unconditioned stimulus with salivation as the unconditioned response. After time, the dogs made the connection with the bell, which became conditioned stimulus. The saliva then became the conditioned response. A main feature about classical conditioning is that is involuntary. Is Pavlov’s dog experiment still relevant to today’s time?
stress is built, and finally, the body enters a stage of exhaustion, a sort of aging "due to wear and tear" (Andrews, Cromwell, Fries & Hodge, 2008).
A theory I decided to use to develop and intervention program to lower pregnancies in teenagers is the stimulus response theory. The stimulus response theory is a “behavior change theory that is incorporated” to explain and modify a person’s behavior (Sidman, 2006). Stimulus response theory is also refers to conditioning. I chose this theory because it is one of the oldest theories in the books and is still used widely today. Also, it is an essential tool for targeting the younger population for preventative reasons and it is easy for young people to comprehend.
In operant conditioning stimuli are associated with a reinforcer or punishment. Generalization occurs when an individual responds to similar stimuli in the same way and discrimination occurs when they respond to some stimuli but not others. Stimulus discrimination training refers to the strategy in which an individual is taught to engage in certain behaviors in the presence of particular stimuli. This type of training can either be conducted using classical or instrumental conditioning procedures. In instrumental conditioning procedures the stimulus that signals the availability of the reinforcement is referred to as the S+, while the stimulus that signals the lack of reinforcement is called the S-. The S+ and S- are called discriminative stimuli once they have successfully gained control of the behavior of an individual. The S+ is the discriminative stimuli for performing an instrumental response while the S- is the discriminative stimuli for not performing such a response. Dr. Kenneth W. Spence produced a theory of discrimination learning, which aimed to gain a better understanding on what is
Many countries around the world have their own traditions. They are an important trait of humanity as they dictate the actions of every person who live under a specific culture. More often than not, people all over the world follow traditional practices with little regard to how and why they were started. Nervous Conditions by Tsitsi Dangarembga is centered on colonial Rhodesia during the 1960s where British and traditional African culture is prominent. Women, like Nyasha, struggle to liberate themselves from their culture’s patriarchal society by rebelling against female oppression. Nyasha’s rebellion is achieved through a series of actions that are based on her Westernized mindset, ultimately leading her to develop a nervous condition.
This, the bell, is known as a conditioned stimulus because it would not ordinarily warrant such a response. The salivation to the conditioned stimulus is known as a conditioned response.... ... middle of paper ... ...