Classical Conditioning Essay

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1.1.3 Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning is an other important theory to explain motivation. It is develeoped by Ivan Pavlov(1849-1936). The discovery of this theory was by accedent wheile doing research on the effect of dog salivation on digestion. Pavlov obseved that sometimes the dog start slavate before the food was represented to them and other times the approaching of the experimenter was enough to salivate (Ellen Pastorino and Sussan 2012). In his experiment Pavlov paired the giving of food with the ringing of bell. After food and bell were presented toghether several times, the dog stats salivating upon the hearing of the bell. According to Ellen and Susan 2013, there are three element of Clasical Conditioning. First, the Uncoditioned Stimulus and Responce: an unconditioned stimulus is “A stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response“ (Jeffry S. Navid 176). On ther hand, an uncoditioned response refers to “a response that is natural and needs no training“ (R. Feldman 170). Second, the Nuteral Stimulus is astimukus that does not elisit unconditioned response. Finally, Pairing the neutural and uncoditioned stimulus. 1.2 Cognitive theories 1.2.1 Expectancy Value theory Expectancy theory is a theory of …show more content…

He developed a hierachy of needs in form of a piramid. He classified human motivational needs into two categories: deficiency Needs and growth needs. To begin with, Deficiency Needs are lower level needs , they consist of Physiological Needs such as food, wter ; Safty Needs (psychological and psysical needs) like security and apsence of psysical and motional treath; love and belongigness needs like affiliation and affection; and self-esteem needs like competency and recognition. The second category is growth needs. They consit of cognitive needs ( intilictual needs like knowledge, undestanding ; and aesthitic needs like beaty, truth, justice and

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