1. 1944: G.I. Bill was posted: gave soldiers and veterans money to send them to college which increased college attendance (194) 2. 1972: Title IX of the Education Amendments: prohibited sex bias in any educational program (197) 3. 1965: Higher Education Act: provided grants for several types of college services (libraries, undergraduate programs) and authorized student loans (253) 4. 1966: The Keller Plan: a form of self-paced instruction (learning laboratories, computerized tutorials, auto-instructional workbooks, technological aids); recognized that students had different learning styles (247) 5. 1954: Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas: said that separate educational facilities are unequal and as a result it ruled in violation of equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment; paved the way for integration (196) People and Players 1. California State College and University System: key player in the California Master Plan for Higher Education; “allocated functions among the state’s public institutions precluded it from offering the doctorate, but it still secured sizable funding for research”; the California system revealed the changing system of the institutions during this period; more state universities started to “take over” state colleges and became one big state system in order to get more research funds (202) 2. Clark Kerr: coined the term multiversity which was defined as “objective, neutral and dedicated to the advancement of knowledge and service to the community”; sought to balance fostering excellence and providing educational access for all (244) 3. National Merit Scholarship Program: privately funded, not-for-profit organization; began in 1955; allowed students who came from low-income families with high-abilities to go to college (giving them the same chance that others with high income and high-abilities had); changed the demographic of the college population to include more students from low-income families and further opened the realm of accessibility (213) 4. Carnegie Commission: defined the overall purpose of higher education; broadly defined a liberal arts college as an institution with a strong liberal arts tradition that also offered modest occupational programs, including engineering and teacher training; schools that were smaller than 1000 students were also considered liberal art colleges; the commission recognized the smaller schools with specific fields as liberal arts colleges as well which was essential because it allowed for liberal arts schools to make their mark in the world of higher education (204) 5. Students for a Democratic Society (SDS): One of the players that brought activism into the forefront of student culture in higher education; led to protests and the famous Port Huron Statement; paved a pathway for students to gain a voice within the realm of higher education (216)
In the 1954 court ruling of Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of schools was unconstitutional and violated the Fourteenth Amendment (Justia, n.d.). During the discussion, the separate but equal ruling in 1896 from Plessy v. Ferguson was found to cause black students to feel inferior because white schools were the superior of the two. Furthermore, the ruling states that black students missed out on opportunities that could be provided under a system of desegregation (Justia, n.d.). So the process of classification and how to balance schools according to race began to take place.
The third legacy of the GI Bill devolved from the manner in which it was administered and funded. The program was concentrated in the Veterans Administration (now known as the Department of Veterans Affairs) and was a centralized federal program that was based on a decentralized market approach. Legislators funded the GI Bill educational benefits through the veterans, who had the control of the postwar allocation of resources which established the basic postwar method for subsequent federal loans and grants to college students ("GI BILL—1952", 1952).
The Higher Education Act of 1965 a law which was intended to build the educational resources for colleges and universities and to provide financial aid for students in any educational system after high school. It expanded federal funds given to universities, created , gave low-interest loans for students, and created scholarships.According to sites.edu.gov(1).Any historically black college or university that was established prior to 1964, whose principal mission was, and is, the education of black Americans, and that is accredited by a nationally recognized accrediting agency or association determined by the Secretary,of education, to be a reliable authority as to the quality of training offered or is, according to such an agency or association, making reasonable progress toward
The next big step in the civil rights movement came in 1954, with the BROWN vs. BOARD OF EDUCATION OF TOPEKA case, where Thurgood Marshall, representing Brown, argued that segregation was against the 4th Amendment of the American constitution. The Supreme Court ruled, against President Eisenhower’s wishes, in favour of Brown, which set a precedent in education, that schools should no longer be segregated. This was the case which completely overturned the Jim Crow Laws by overturning Plessy vs. Ferguson.
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1951-1954), which was originally named after Oliver Brown, was a United States Supreme Court case that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson decision and ended tolerance of racial segregation. The Plessy v. Fergusion decision upheld the constitutionality of segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine. *****
The National Center For Public Research. “Brown v Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) (USSC+).” Supreme Court of The United States. 1982 .
Sex. That one little word has led to a mini-revolution in all aspects of a girl's education, from Kindergarten to Graduate School, all across the nation. In 1972, Title IX was adopted as the landmark legislation for prohibition of gender discrimination in schools, and was signed into law, by President Richard Nixon, on June 23. This legislation encompasses both academics and athletics. Title IX reads: "No person in the U.S. shall, on the basis of sex be excluded from participation in, or denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal aid." Since 1972, many attempts have been made to alter the appearance and effect of Title IX.
Brown v. Board of Education. No. 347 U.S 483, 74 S. 686, 98. Ed. 873: 1954.
Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 is the landmark legislation that bans sex discrimination in schools, whether it is in academics or athletics. Title IX states:
In the words of Claiborne Pell, U.S. Senator of Rhode Island and sponsor of the Pell Grant, which provides financial aid to American college students, “The strength of the United States is not the gold at Fort Knox or the weapons of mass destruction that we have, but the sum total of the education and the character of our people.” These words speak of the importance of education and the need for public support in order to continue America’s tradition of investment in our youth being an investment in our country.
...Duke does not mention the necessity for liberal arts education in addition to science and math to enhance the creative mind and global competitiveness. Duke University however does agree with Friedman that the United States’ engineers and scientists are under-paid and under-valued which creates a lack of excitement or drive for students to graduate in the sciences. Duke University and Friedman agree that increased excitement, increased education strategies, funding along with ambition can create the American dream and increase individual and global competitiveness. (Wadhwa, 2007)
It was during a time when the workforce was slow from the aftermath of the war and higher education was becoming a need in order to pursue more knowledge in hopes of finding successful, stable careers. Many families went into debt in order to pay for their children to attend college. With the exception of its military academies, the U.S. federal government does not directly support higher education. Instead it offers loans and grants, dating back to the Morrill Act during the U.S. Civil War and the "G.I. Bill" programs applied after World War II.
Wolf, Patrick. "Lost Opportunities: lawmakers threaten D.C scholarships despite evidence of benefits." Unabridged version of article published in education next 9:4 (2009): 1-15.
A scholarship is a financial award given to students in recognition of achievement, such as academics or athletics. Other scholarships are awarded to minorities and women to increase their access to higher education. In many cases, the qualifications for a scholarship include financial need as well. A scholarship does not require repayment. Most scholarships are given to students who attend business schools, technical and vocational schools, nursing schools and 2-year colleges.
Arnett, T., & General Education Board. (1939). Trends in tuition fees in state and endowed