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Title IX and the impacts on women and their education
HISTORY:
Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 is the landmark legislation that bans sex discrimination in schools, whether it is in academics or athletics. Title IX states:
"No person in the U.S. shall, on the basis of sex be excluded from participation in, or denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal aid."
Athletics has created the most controversy regarding Title IX, but its gains in education and academics are notable. Before Title IX, many schools refused to admit women or enforced strict limits. Some statistics highlighting the advancements follow:
• In 1994, women received 38% of medical degrees, compared with 9% in 1972.
• In 1994, women earned 43% of law degrees, compared with 7% in 1972.
• In 1994, 44% of all doctoral degrees to U.S. citizens went to women, up from 25% in 1977.
Title IX governs the overall equity of treatment and opportunity in athletics while giving schools the flexibility to choose sports based on student body interest, geographic influence, budget restraints, and gender ratio. In other words, it is not a matter of women being able to participate in wrestling or that exactly the same amount of money spent per women's and men's basketball player. Instead, the focus is on the necessity for women to have equal opportunities as men on a whole, not on an individual basis.
Concerning intercollegiate athletics, there are three primary areas that determine if an institution is in compliance:
1. athletic financial assistance
2. accommodation of athletic interests & abilities
3. other program areas
Appraisal of compliance is on a program-wide basis, n...
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...d numbers. Indeed, the United States stands alone and is a world leader in opening the doors of higher education to women.
FUTURE:
Even today, we acknowledge the many advances women have made in academics, employment and athletics, we still need to recognize some dismaying facts in our efforts to achieve equity. While sex discrimination is no longer routinely accepted in education and has been prohibited since Title IX became law, the incidences of sexual harassment and assault that are continually reported show that freedom from threats to learning still has not been achieved. In response, the Office for Civil Rights of the Department of Education has released its final policy guidance on sexual harassment to help educators recognize sexual harassment and formulate age-appropriate responses to prevent or resolve incidences of this form of sex discrimination.
Over two decades have passed since the enactment of Title IX, a federal law prohibiting sex discrimination in federally funded education, including athletics. As a result of Title IX, women and girls have benefited from more athletic participation opportunities and more equitable facilities. Because of Title IX, more women have received athletic scholarships and thus opportunities for higher education that some may not have been able to afford otherwise. In addition, because of Title IX the salaries of coaches for women's teams have increased. Despite the obstacles women face in athletics, many women have led and are leading the way to gender equity.
Although Title IX states than, "no person in the United States, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to any discrimination..." it does not guarantee that people will carry this out. After the issuing of Title IX, many women in sports wished to step forward and be recognized. Part of the recognition they wanted was to be included in National Sports Associations like the men's National Basketball Association. Eventually their cries were heard, and sports associations like the NBA agreed to merge and include women. Becoming included was an eye opening experience to many of these women and they have faced (and still do) doubts and discrimination from the public, but along the way they have also reaped benefits they would not have if the merger had never taken place.
Title IX and the Education Amendments of 1972 were created to defend equal opportunities for women of all ages. Since its inception 44 years ago, women have seen impressive strides as well as disappointing failures. Social prejudice continues to exist limiting female participation opportunities, benefits for female athletes, coaching opportunities, and increased exposure to sexual assault and abuse. Few institutions treat female athletes equally due to the lack of enforcement by collegiate athletic departments. The enforcement of Title IX has not been a priority among far too many educational institutions leaving women open to discrimination and mistreatment.
Since the 1972 conception of Title IX of the Education Amendments, the number of women participating in intercollegiate athletics has increased five-fold, from fewer than 30,000, to more 150,000 in 2001. However, more than 400 men’s athletics teams have been dismantled since Title IX, the law forbidding sex discrimination at institutions receiving federal funds, became law. Some would say this is due, in part, to Title IX enforcement standards like proportionality. Proportionality requires that an institution’s athletic population must be of an equal ratio to its general student body. Among some of the 400-plus teams dismantled by Title IX are several former Colorado State University teams including wrestling, baseball, gymnastics, men’s swimming and diving, and men’s tennis. CSU student athletes no longer sport the opportunity of participating in these activities at the NCAA Division I level, and the days of the student body rooting for their ram teams are gone, possibly forever. Now the search is on to find a solution to the problems associated with Title IX if, indeed, a solution is ultimately necessary.
1. It states that; “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.” Title IX applies to all educational institutions, both public and private, that receive federal funds. Almost all private colleges and universities must abide by Title IX. Athletics are not the specific target for Title IX; Athletics programs are considered educational programs and activities. There are three basic parts of Title IX as it applies to athletics: 1.) Participation: does not require institutions to offer identical sports but an equal opportunity to play; 2.) Scholarships 3.) Other benefits: Title IX requires the equal treatment of female and male student-athletes such as: equip, games, tutoring.
One of the most important movement was called Title IX. It protects every student from sex discrimination, as well as permitted women with the opportunity to equally participate in educational and academic programs. Women were granted with the same “equal opportunities to participate and benefit from the availability of coaches, sports equipment, resources, and facilities” (Parkay, 2016, p. 291). Following Title IX, women’s rights were enhanced in 1974 with the approval of the Women’s Educational Equity Act (WEEA). This act, as described in the text, allows women with expanded programs such as math and science, reduction of gender stereotypes within curriculum, increased administration, career programs for minority, rural, and disabled women, as well as an increase in opportunities in the classroom and in the future, and finally an boost to increase participation in athletics (Parkay, 2016, p. 297). Title IX and the WEEA were very significant for the movement towards equality within the education
Juliano’s evaluation that equality has still not been achieved. The displaying of the effectiveness of Title IX in harassment cases also provided another avenue for Title IX analysis. Juliano’s law review provides a different and yet valid insight into the history of Title IX and its effect on the landscape of education, especially the sporting world. The major differences between these law reviews are explicitly why I chose them. Going forward, it is important to understand that there are large amounts of varying opinions on this issue and these are two excellent examples. My choice of these two law reviews displays the broad range of opinions on this topic and how much relevance it still carries in today’s athletic landscape.
Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, which generally prohibits the discrimination of an athlete based on the gender of that particular athlete in athletic events. The court concluded that the plaintiffs may not claim discrimination under Title IX. Even though there is a lack of a Title IX violation, the actions of the defendants were still potentially unlawful. According to the Fourteenth Amendment, “No State shall…deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” As alleged here, those who were in charge of the sanctioned event, discriminated against the plaintiffs based on their gender. For those who are seeking to defend their reasoning for denying the plaintiffs permission to participate in the mixed gender matches, must demonstrate a persuasive justification for their action of denying the participation. The IISD and schools did not have a discriminatory policy in place. Due to the absence of the plaintiff’s constitutional claims, the courts say that it isn’t clear that the Fourteenth Amendment was violated when the plaintiffs were denied permission in the mixed gender competition. These associations did not offer a mixed gender competition it was argued. No anti-discriminatory policies are written and in
Great inequalities in the educational system between the sexes have occurred for many years and still occur today. Efforts have been made to rectify this disparity, but the one that has made the most difference is Title IX. Passed in 1972, Title IX attempted to correct the gender discrimination in educational systems receiving public funding. The greatest correction it made was in the area of athletics, but social justice of Title IX applies to many other areas as well. Title IX has an effect on women who are not athletes in many ways, including quality of education, receptivity to education, empowerment and creation of ideals.
Title IX is a piece of United States federal legislation designed to promote gender equality in federally funded educational programs. Though it has been best known for its effects on athletics, Title IX addresses a wide range of educational issues for both genders, including equality in access to higher education, career counseling, and funds and facilities; it also aims to protect students and faculty from sexual harassment.(Aliprandini)
Title IX is considered to be feminist law that is animated to enable women to live a full and meaningful life, without the stifling constraints of gender roles and discrimination. Furthermore, feminist legal scholarship has neglected or marginalized sport this has had some change in the past decade, but only to certain extent devoted to women’s equality in other aspects of women’s lives, sport has been Sorley
“No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.” Title IX
Title IX of the Education of the Amendments act of 1972 is a federal law and it states “no person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded
Title IX is a law within the jurisdiction of the federal government of the US that was passed in the year 1972. The law's main focus is the introduction of women participation in sports in order to bring about a sense of gender equality in the field of sports (Kaestner & Xu, 2010). Since the development of modern sports, it has been the culture of most parts of the word that sporting was a male activity. The nature of sports such as the aggression, the physicality, and its participation was attributed to be of a male nature and women were largely marginalized until the passage of the title X amendment in 1972 (Kaestner & Xu, 2010). The amendment stated that males and females must be
In order to understand a little more about Title IX, I researched it. I found that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was written to end discrimination based on sex, religion, race, color or national origin. Yet, this 1964 Act did not cover gender discrimination in employment, specifically public education and federally