Jacqueline K. Barton is well known for probing DNA by releasing electrons through it. In her high school, chemistry was not offered in the curriculum, so chemistry was first introduced to her when she enrolled in Barnard College of Columbia University. Barton took a chemistry class in Barnard College which led to her decision to major in chemistry. She received her Bachelor of Arts degree from Barnard College1. After she received her B.S. degree, she attended graduate school where her interest in DNA initiated. She received her Ph.D. in inorganic chemistry at Columbia University; she studied inorganic chemistry under the supervision of S.J. Lippard. After her completion of school, she did her postdoctoral fellowship at Bell Laboratories and …show more content…
Barton went further into her research, she discovered some DNA sequences conduct charge better than others. Replacing adenine with an analogue allows more sequences to transport charge effectively5. Also, the conductivity of DNA occurs under biologically relevant conditions; for example, in water and salt. There are situations where the charges cannot pass through. The dynamic stacking of the base pairs must have a clear path for the charges to pass through. When bases of high potential with high flexibility combine with poor stacking dynamics, the charges are unable to transport; the (AT)n tracts are notorious blockades of charge transport. To measure the charge transport, it was done by observing the rate that charge travelled from a photoexcited hole donor (naphthalimide) at one end of the DNA chain to a hole acceptor (phenothiazine) at the other. A comparison was made between a sequence that facilitates charge transport with a poorly stacked (AT)n sequence that slows the charge transport. The transport rate increased when ZA was introduced. Long tracks of (ZAT)n are also helpful with transporting charges. Moreover, the general application of ZA will most likely be tested to the broader family of DNA devices for further studies. After observing the transportation of the charges, it could be possible that the conductance, in the DNA-based structures, carries no information regarding the
Annie Turnbo Malone was an entrepreneur and was also a chemist. She became a millionaire by making some hair products for some black women. She gave most of her money away to charity and to promote the African American. She was born on august 9, 1869, and was the tenth child out of eleven children that where born by Robert and Isabella turnbo. Annie’s parents died when she was young so her older sister took care of her until she was old enough to take care of herself.
Kathleen Orr, popularly known as Kathy Orr is a meteorologist for the Fox 29 Weather Authority team on WTXF in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She was born on October 19, 1965 and grew up in Westckave, Geddes, New York with her family. The information about her parents and her siblings are still unknown. As per bio obtained online, Kathy Orr is also an author. She has written a number of books like Seductive Deceiver, The drifter's revenge and many others. She graduated in Public Communications from S. I. Newhouse which is affiliated to Syracuse University.
“I am not afraid of storms, for I am learning how to sail my ship”-Louisa May Alcott. Captured by Comanche Indians around age eight, Cynthia Ann Parker was a white girl with an Indian spirit and lots of perseverance. She not only was a survivor and a witness of the Comanche raid on Fort Parker in May of 1836 but also became the chief’s wife. Cynthia Ann Parker is a well-known, accomplished woman in Texas History.
Mary Wade, born on the 5th of October 1777 was the youngest convict to be sent to Australia. Before her life as a convict, she would sweep and beg on the streets of London to make her living.
Upon completion of the experiment we were able to examine the DNA. First, the electrophorese
Katherine Johnson is a memorable African American mathematician and an icon for young black girls around the world. Katherine Johnson loved math. Early in her career, she was called a “computer.” She helped NASA put an astronaut into orbit around Earth, and then she helped put a man on the moon.
After moving to Rochester, NY in 1845, the Anthony family became very active in the anti-slavery movement.
What is a hero? For many, a firefighter, police officer, or superhuman may come to mind. According to Robert F. Kennedy, “Each time a man stands up for an ideal, or the lot of others, or strikes out an injustice, he sends forth a tiny ripple of hope.” Clara Barton, a civil war nurse and the founder of the American Red Cross, is the epitome of a hero, as her heroic acts, courage and care during the Civil War serve as an inspiration for others in today’s dark times.
	X-ray crystallography helped determined the three dimensional structure of DNA when Franklin returned to England. She became the first person to find the molecule¡¯s sugar-phosphate backbone while working with a team of scientists at King¡¯s College in London. Unfortunately, leadership misunderstandings and personality conflicts depreciated Franklin¡¯s effectivness in the laboratory. Maurice Wilkins, the laboratory¡¯s second in command, returned from a vacation expecting Franklin to work under him. Franklin came to the laboratory with the understanding that she would be researching alone. While Franklin was direct and decisive, Wilkins tended to be alluding and passive-aggressive. As Franklin made further advances in DNA research, Wilkins secretly shared her findings with the famous duo of Watson and Crick, who were then working at Cambridge. Franklin¡¯s discoveries fueled their research machine, allowing them to advance beyond others in the field. They would eventually publish on DNA structure in 1953. Due to discriminatory procedures at King¡¯s College, Franklin eventually left to become the lead researcher at London¡¯s Birbeck College--upon agreeing not to work on DNA. She furthered her studies in coal and made significant advances in virology. Franklin died in 1958 of ovarian cancer. She lived 37 monumentally significant years.
What is it like to live a life with Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD)? Narcissism is a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy. People with this disorder can be vindictive, selfish, cunning person. They do not care who is harmed or hurt. Abigail was the leader of all of the girls that were seen dancing and calling on evil spirits. Abigail would threaten the girls by saying if they said anything, she would kill or harm them severely. She wanted what she couldn’t have, so that made her psychologically unstable. Abigail William’s would be convicted in today’s court because she gave many threats to kill the girls who were with her the night they were dancing if they spoke up in court, her behavior caused harm to many even though she may not have physically done damage herself and due to previous court cases, some people diagnosed with Narcissism were found innocent due to their mental instability but others were guilty because they were mentally unstable. As it is shown, Narcissistic Personality Disorder causes her to be selfish, arrogant, dangerous, and obsess over the man she could not have, because Abigail threatened the girls she was with the night they were dancing, to not confess to anything in court.
In a laboratory scientist will use a process called gel electrophoresis to separate DNA fragments. The DNA is cut into different sized fragments as a result from using restriction enzymes. The different sized DNA fragments are organized injected on agarose gel with an added substance that helps it glow after the test. DNA is negatively charged. Electricity is producing a positively charged are and a negatively charged area. Opposites attract and as a result the negatively charged DNA will move quickly to the positively charged area. Smaller DNA fragments will run faster the larger DNA fragments. After the electricity is turned off smaller DNA fragments will be closer to the positively charged area and the larger DNA fragments will be farther from the positively charged area. While it is glowing scientist can take a picture of the data and record the results and compare DNA samples to look for any abnormalities.
Each of the nucleotides accommodate a phosphate group, sugar group, and a nitrogen base. There is four nitrogen bases in DNA. The four nitrogen bases are; Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C). Each of the bases are connected to a sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule. They are then positioned into two long strands that form a spiral called a double helix (DNA). The nitrogen bases are paired up with one another. Adenine and Thymine will always be paired with each other because of the bonds between them. Between A and T, there are two hydrogen bonds. The same goes with Guanine always being paired with Cytosine due. Between both G and C there is three hydrogen bonds. The nitrogen bases Adenine and Guanine won’t pair up with each other because, of their size. Both the nitrogen bases Adenine and Guanine are a purine base. Thymine and Cytosine are both a pyrimidine base. Adenine pairs with Thymine, and Guanine pairs with Cytosine, because they are of opposite
This process gives you the ability to identify the length and specific genotype of DNA. Due to DNA having a negative charge it was attracted to the positive current provided by the light which made it migrate. The separation of the short molecules from the long ones was obvious because the short ones move much faster when exposed to the positive charge. I used the proper amount of voltage and allowed the gel to process the correct length of time. I used several different times which allowed me to view the migration at a slower pace. The ethidium bromide dye illustrated the migration pattern of my samples. The experiment was a success because I was able to determine the correct genotype for each
The Double Helix tells a tale of fierce competition, perseverance, and scientific innovation as we follow James Watson and his cohort Francis Crick on their quest to discover the secret to life, the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid. Although already fascinated with DNA, Watson struggled with finding chemistry exciting enough to learn it in depth. He had studied birds in college and thereby managed to avoid any formal chemistry or physics courses. As he later pursued a PhD in biochemistry, he realized he could put it off no longer and attempted to learn organic chemistry at Indiana University. However, after a mishap in the lab, he was encouraged instead to study nucleic acid chemistry with Herman Kalckar in Copenhagen. There, his mind strayed from his work and he began doing unauthorized research in the lab of Ole Maaløe, studying phages. Herman stopped teaching Watson after going through a divorce with his wife, and sent Watson off to a scientific conference in Naples. Although he was bored by many of the lectures, Maurice Wilkins’s talk about X-ray diffraction fascinated Watson. He was struck by an X-ray diffraction picture of DNA that Maurice presented and was determined to study the acid. He later got to know more about Maurice’s colleague, Rosalind Franklin, who was proud, stubborn, and very difficult to work with. Watson greatly admired the lecture given by the renowned Linus Pauling, who had discovered the structure of the alpha-helix and was thought of as the leader in DNA research in the scientific world.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a self-replicating molecule or material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent in chromosomes. It encodes the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and many viruses. Simply put, DNA contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce. The discovery and use of DNA has seen many changes and made great progress over many years. James Watson was a pioneer molecular biologist who is credited, along with Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins, with discovering the double helix structure of the DNA molecule. The three won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1962 for their work (Bagley, 2013). Scientist use the term “double helix” to describe DNA’s winding, two-stranded chemical structure. This shape looks much like a twisted ladder and gives the DNA the power to pass along biological instructions with great precision.