1. How does the inner ear analyze frequency and intensity? How do the vocal folds control frequency and intensity? Compare and contrast the cochlea and the vocal folds. How are they similar/different from an anatomy and physiology perspective? (15)- Chapters 5 and 9. • The inner ear analyzes frequency and intensity through the basilar membrane in the cochlea. As sound hits the basilar membrane in the cochlea, it is analyzed by the basal end being more responsive to higher frequencies and at its apical end more responsive to lower frequencies. So as high frequencies are moving from the basal end to the apical end they are quickly dampened. So when sound goes into the outer ear and travels to the inner ear through the oval window, the sound will move the perilymph which will make the cochlear duct vibrate which will make the basilar membrane also vibrate. • Vocal folds controls frequency by the length and density of the vocal folds. So the shorter the vocal folds are the more density there will be which will have greater tension and a higher frequency. …show more content…
The symptoms of otitis media is pain, pressure, fever, cannot hear well in one ear and also they might not even experience any pain. Otitis media can be found in anyone but it is commonly found in children because one of the causes of otitis media is having a horizontal Eustachian tube. Because the Eustachian tube is horizontal, foreign fluids cannot be drain efficiently and accumulate in the middle ear which can cause an infection. Other common causes of otitis media is Eustachian tube dysfunction, exposed to dirty air, drinking while on supine position, ethnicity, and AIDS. Otitis media can cause a temporary conductive hearing loss. When someone has Otitis media, their tympanic membrane with not look right, it would look very red and there will be yellowish fluid behind the tympanic
Seikel, J. A., King, D. W., & Drumright, D. G. (2010). 12. Anatomy & physiology for speech,
With around 70,000 special education students with hearing losses in the US it is no wonder that teaching these students the art of music has become an important opportunity within their education (U.S. Department of Education). According to Darrow and Heller (1985) as well as Solomon (1980) the history of education for students with hearing loss extends over a hundred and fifty years. These students have every right to music education classes and music instructors need to understand their unique learning differences and similarities to those of the average typical (mainstreamed) student to ensure these students have a successful and comprehensive learning experience. Despite this, there are still plenty of roadblocks, one of which may be some music instructor’s lack of effective practices and methods to successfully teach to the student’s more unique needs. Alice Ann-Darrow is a Music Education and Music Therapy Professor at Florida State University. Darrow’s article “Students with Hearing Losses” focuses not only on the importance of music education for these students but it is also a summarized guide of teaching suggestions containing integral information for the unique way these students learn.
Sound is localised to the ear by the pinna, travelling down the auditory canal, vibrating the eardrum. The eardrums vibrations are then passed down through the ossicles, three small bones known as the hammer, anvil and stirrup that then transfer the vibrations to the oval window of the cochlea. The cochlea is filled with fluid that when exposed to these vibrations stimulate the sterocilia. This small hair cells "wiggle" along to certain frequencies transferring the vibrations into electrical impulses that are then sent to the brain. If the ear is exposed to noise levels of too high an intensity the sterocilia are overstimulated and many become permanently damaged . (Sliwinska-Kowalska et. All,
Otitis Media (OM) is a common middle ear infection that occurs from a build up of fluid within the middle ear (Williams, 2003). This build up of fluid, or pus, is caused by a viral or bacterial infection within the middle ear (Williams, 2003). It is a common disease in childhood that can affect children and infants from as young as 6 weeks of age (Williams, 2003). Some symptoms include redness and inflammation within the ear canal, a bulging tympanic membrane, earaches, loss of hearing, and even nausea, dizziness and vomiting (Williams, 2003; Rural Health Education Foundation, 2014). As young children who develop the infection may not be able to communicate that their ears are sore, they will instead try and relieve this
From this point, vibration of the connective membrane (oval window) transforms mechanical motion into a pressure wave in fluid. This pressure wave enters and hence passes vibrations into the fluid filled structure called the cochlea. The cochlea contains two membranes and between these two membranes, are specialized neurons or receptors called hair cells. Once vibrations enter the cochlea, they cause the lower membrane (basilar membrane) to move in respect to the upper membrane (i.e. the tectorial membrane in which the hair cells are embedded). This movement bends the hair cells to cause receptor potentials in these cells which in turn cause the release of transmitter onto the neurons of the auditory nerve.
First let’s look at what happens when you hear music. Here is a diagram that shows and explains what happens when you listen to music. Outer ea...
...the auditory nerve to the brain. The sound has to travel through auditory nerves in order to reach the brain.
The ear houses some of the most sensitive organs in the body. The physics of sound is well understood, while the mechanics of how the inner ear translates sound waves into neurotransmitters that then communicate to the brain is still incomplete. Because the vestibular labyrinth and the auditory structure are formed very early in the development of the fetus and the fluid pressure contained within both of them is mutually dependant, a disorder in one of the two reciprocating structures affects the (2).
The current hypothesis is that one of my genes is a mutated gene, that mutated gene is what is causing my hearing loss. If this is the real reason why I have hearing loss, there is also worry for what other problems does this mutated gene cause. With finding a mutated gene, they will most likely be able to predict how much worse my hearing will get. Another possible but not likely cause is a tumor, currently, I have to get an MRI to make sure that there is no growth inside of my head. If there is a growth, that will lead to some serious issues. The last possible cause is that loud noises have damaged my hearing, but it is even more less likely than a tumor. I am almost never exposed to loud music, concerts, or anything of that nature, which would causes hearing loss. Since I've been losing hearing since I was 5, they have practically ruled that one out because it makes no
The voice is our primary mean of communication and expression. We rarely last more than a few minutes without its use whether it is talking to someone else or humming quietly to ourselves. We can use the voice artistically in many ways. For example, singing carries the rhythm and melody of speech. It creates patterns of pitch, loudness, and duration that tie together syllables, phrases and sentences. We use the voice for survival, emotion, expression, and to reflect our personality. The loss of the voice is a severe curtailment to many professions. It is affected by general body condition which is why we need to consider the location of the larynx and how that organ produces voice. Surprisingly, this complex biological design is mechanical in function. It is mechanical to the point that when it has been excised from a cadaver and mounted on a laboratory bench, the larynx produces sounds resembling normal phonation. (Titze, Principles)
...nsations are then interpreted and we hear. The range of our hearing abilities is amazing. Most of this can be attributed to the sensitivity of our hair cells which can detect the smallest audible sounds yet withstand a trillion-fold increase in power (Martini, 2009). Our hair cells are constantly changing in order to adapt to our environment. We can have a conversation with our friends, listen to music, and distinguish which direction a car alarm is coming from without any awareness of the detailed process that is necessary for hearing. Overall, the process of turning sound waves into auditory sensations is quite remarkable.
Otitis media, commonly known as an ear infection, is an infection located in the middle ear, commonly diagnosed in children. In 2006, approximately nine million children (age zero to seventeen) were reported to have otitis media, while medical costing to treat otitis media peaked at $2.8 billion dollars (Soni, 2008). Costing and statistics of otitis media will continue at the increasing rate due to the commonality of the infection. As a result of increasing cases of otitis media, an understanding of the disease’s classifications, causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatments will inform one of the diseases presences.
The ear is looked upon as a miniature receiver, amplifier and signal-processing system. The structure of the outer ear catching sound waves as they move into the external auditory canal. The sound waves then hit the eardrum and the pressure of the air causes the drum to vibrate back and forth. When the eardrum vibrates its neighbour the malleus then vibrates too. The vibrations are then transmitted from the malleus to the incus and then to the stapes. Together the three bones increase the pressure which in turn pushes the membrane of the oval window in and out. This movement sets up fluid pressure waves in the perilymph of the cochlea. The bulging of the oval window then pushes on the perilymph of the scala vestibuli. From here the pressure waves are transmitted from the scala vestibuli to the scala tympani and then eventually finds its way to the round window. This causes the round window to bulge outward into the middle ear. The scala vestibuli and scala tympani walls are now deformed with the pressure waves and the vestibular membrane is also pushed back and forth creating pressure waves in the endolymph inside the cochlear duct. These waves then causes the membrane to vibrate, which in turn cause the hairs cells of the spiral organ to move against the tectorial membrane. The bending of the stereo cilia produces receptor potentials that in the end lead to the generation of nerve impulses.
The acoustic speech signal itself can be analysed by creating spectrograms. Each speech signal contains information across multiple frequencies which, when charted on a spectrogram, tend to form bands known as formants. Initial attempts to understand speech percep...
Speaking of how the human ear receives music, sound is produced by vibrations that transmits energy into sound waves, a form of energy in which human ears can respond to and hear. Specifically, there are two different types of sound waves. The more common of the two are the transversal waves, which ...