Question 1 (7 marks)
Otitis Media (OM) is a common middle ear infection that occurs from a build up of fluid within the middle ear (Williams, 2003). This build up of fluid, or pus, is caused by a viral or bacterial infection within the middle ear (Williams, 2003). It is a common disease in childhood that can affect children and infants from as young as 6 weeks of age (Williams, 2003). Some symptoms include redness and inflammation within the ear canal, a bulging tympanic membrane, earaches, loss of hearing, and even nausea, dizziness and vomiting (Williams, 2003; Rural Health Education Foundation, 2014). As young children who develop the infection may not be able to communicate that their ears are sore, they will instead try and relieve this
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Acute OM without perforation involves fluid build up in the ear, as well as a bulging tympanic membrane from a pressure build up inside the ear (Williams, 2003). Acute OM with perforation involves a pussy discharge coming out of the ear, which means that the tympanic membrane has been perforated (Williams, 2003). OME is when no symptoms of an ear infection are present, and there is no perforation of the tympanic membrane, only constant redness and inflammation of the ear (Williams, 2003). CSOM is the most dangerous kind of otitis media as it involves a perforation of the tympanic membrane and continual discharge from the middle ear (longer than 6 weeks) (Coates, Morris, Leach, and Couzos, 2002). If left untreated, this infection can lead to other complications and permanent hearing loss, which can snowball into behavioural and cognition problems in the future (Coates et al., …show more content…
Especially for infants and children, loss of hearing at such a young age can be detrimental for a developing child (Williams & Jacobs, 2009). The first two years of life are the most important as they hold critical milestones of language acquisition (Zumach, Chenault, Anteunis, and Gerrits, 2011). If these milestones are not met, then the subsequent ones will be harder and take longer to learn. The loss of hearing in young individuals can alter the perception of words and sounds, and this can lead to a difficulty in learning language (Williams & Jacobs, 2009). For example, the child will not be able to determine the difference between similar sounds, which negatively affects speech perception, which then leads to the inability to interpret and acquire language later on (Williams & Jacobs,
This issue is important because if you try to force the Deaf to hear, they might not grow because they will have no form of communication to use with other people. Even though the doctors might say to not use ASL, this will greatly hinder your child's well-being in the long run. I learned a lot about Deaf people, ASL, and/or Deaf Culture after reading this book. Deaf people are normal, just like anybody else, and they should not be treated any differently. Some people treat deafness as a disease that needs to be cured, but it's not.
The labyrinthitis is an inflammatory disease of the ' inner ear, whose main symptoms are dizziness, nausea and loss of balance. Inflammation of the labyrinth, which is that part of the inner ear that governs our sense of balance, it is in usually caused by an infection of viral or bacterial origin.
Meningitis by definition is the inflammation of the meninges, the three layered protective membrane that surrounds the central nervous system. The meninges are comprised of the Dura mater, the Arachnoid mater, and the innermost Pia mater. It is of utmost importance to determine if bacteria, virus, fungus, toxins, or parasites, caused the inflammation, and treat the microorganism quickly and efficiently to give the best prognosis. It is of utmost importance to determine the cause of inflammation (i.e. bacteria, virus, fungus, toxins). While viral or aseptic meningitis only need supportive treatment, bacterial meningitis is one of the ten most common causes of death by infectious disease killing approximately 135,000 people a year (Waghdhare, Kalantri, Joshi, & Kalantri, 2010).
Liam is a previously healthy boy who has experienced rhinorrhoea, intermittent cough, and poor feeding for the past four days. His positive result of nasopharyngeal aspirate for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) indicates that Liam has acute bronchiolitis which is a viral infection (Glasper & Richardson, 2010). “Bronchiolitis is the commonest reason for admission to hospital in the first 6 months of life. It describes a clinical syndrome of cough tachypnoea, feeding difficulties and inspiratory crackles on chest auscultation” (Fitzgerald, 2011, p.160). Bronchiolitis can cause respiratory distress and desaturation (91% in the room air) to Liam due to airway blockage; therefore the infant appears to have nasal flaring, intercostal and subcostal retractions, and tachypnoea (54 breathes/min) during breathing (Glasper & Richardson, 2010). Tachycardia (152 beats/min) could occur due to hypoxemia and compensatory mechanism for low blood pressure (74/46mmHg) (Fitzgerald, 2011; Glasper & Richardson, 2010). Moreover, Liam has fever and conjunctiva injection which could be a result of infection, as evidenced by high temperature (38.6°C) and bilateral tympanic membra...
Otitis Externa or swimmer's ear as it's commonly known, is an acute painful inflammatory disorder of the ear canal. This condition is characterized by a rapid onset of an external ear canal infection, that may extend distally to the pinna and proximal to the tympanic membrane resulting in otalgia, itching, canal edema, erythema, and otorrhea that often occurs after swimming or a minor trauma from inadequate cleaning. This form of ear bacterial infection is often caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus pathogens and can affect individual of all ages (Schaefer, & Baugh,
Patient describes months of an illness with symptoms waxing and waning, that includes a cough, coughing so hard that she pees on herself sometimes. That she has pain in her chest with the cough and at times get short of breath. This morning she got extra short of breath that she was playing with a relative and that prompted this visit. She notes with it rhinorrhea, ear pain, hoarseness, inability get sputum up, nausea and vomiting, and diarrhea which alternates with constipation. She has not eaten in a week. She notes ear pain bilaterally.
Otosclerosis is a middle-ear disorder. The hearing loss is usually conductive, affecting the bones in the middle ear that conduct sound to the inner ear. This conductive hearing loss is caused by the growth of a spongy bone-like tissue that prevents the ossicles (bones of the middle ear) from moving well. One of the first signs is a small growth of the tissue in the middle ear. This is often in front of the oval window, which separates the middle ear from the inner ear. This can begin in early childhood or adolescence. The tissue may grow rapidly and become hard. The bone tissue grows over the stapes ossicle attaching it to the oval window. At first, hearing loss occurs in the low frequencies. High frequencies are affected next, followed by the loss of hearing in the middle frequencies. Otosclerosis usually begins in one ear, but the other ear often develops it as well (Otosclerosis, 1998).
From a deafness-as-defect mindset, many well-meaning hearing doctors, audiologists, and teachers work passionately to make deaf children speak; to make these children "un-deaf." They try hearing aids, lip-reading, speech coaches, and surgical implants. In the meantime, many deaf children grow out of the crucial language acquisition phase. They become disabled by people who are anxious to make them "normal." Their lack of language, not of hearing, becomes their most severe handicap. While I support any method that works to give a child a richer life, I think a system which focuses on abilities rather than deficiencies is far more valuable. Deaf people have taught me that a lack of hearing need not be disabling. In fact, it shouldn?t be considered a lack at all. As a h...
When infected with this virus several other symptoms other than swelling may occur. Mumps is the leading cause of deafness and it also infects the central nervous system (CNS) resulting in aseptic meningitis and sometimes severe encephalitis with some cases being fatal (Hunt, 2008 & Chamberlain, 2013). It will cause temporary defects in immune response with fever of 103 F, trouble eating or drinking, perhaps confusion and disorientation, as well as abdominal pain (Hunt 2008).
If your infection doesn't respond to treatment, your specialist might take a discharge sample or debris from your ear at a later appointment and send it to a lab to determine the exact cause of infection.
Meniere’s Disease is unclear in this article but is thought to be due to the swelling of the inner
Deafness is not a uniform phenomenon but exists to varying degrees, ranging from profound prelingual deafness, in which the person has had no experience of hearing sound at all (acquired prior to 3 years of age), to restricted hearing only in those frequencies required for verbal communication, to central auditory processing deficits in which a person has the full frequency range of hearing but cannot meaningfully process these sounds (1,2,3).
Acute meaning that is for a short period of time and it can be present for a few days and chronic meaning that the symptoms are present for more than three weeks. Acute laryngitis is often caused by viral infection, bacterial infections, fungal infections, phonotrauma, supraglottis, and environmental irritant (Ferrand, 2012, pg. 225). “Acute infection results in swelling and edema of the vocal folds, leading to hoarseness and even aphonia” (Ferrand, 2012, pg. 226). Chronic laryngitis as mentioned before is when the inflammation or irritation stays longer than three weeks. With chronic laryngitis the vocal fold epithelium can cause “hyperkeratosis, fibrosis and scarring.” Chronic laryngitis is commonly seen in adults due to laryngopharyngeal reflux and smoking. The signs of chronic laryngitis include thickening of the vocal fold epithelium, the soft pliant epithelium ma become replaced by fibrosis. Therefore the person’s voice is low pitched, hoarse, and breathy (Ferrand, 2012, pg. 227).
Growing up as a bilingual child I never realized that there was more to a language than the obvious difference. Of course I could tell the difference between English and Spanish, but what I did not realize was that the two languages had a set of sounds that were specific to that language. This of course applies to all languages and not just the two that I speak. According to Dr. Elena Izquierdo, phonology is the sounds of a language, the rules that govern those sounds. Phonology directly dictates how a person learns a language. All babies are born with the ability hear all the different sounds of any language. Their brains are receptive to learn which ever language he/she is to grow up with. At about the age of 10 to 12 month babies begin to tune out other language sounds, sounds that will not be part of the language he/she will speak (Franco). These sounds are called phonemes and they are the smallest unit of sound that exists within a language. As a child learns their native language, many of the sounds they can produce become developmental; however, the child can hear that specific sound even without being able to produce the sound themselves. Learning a second language, however, differs from this because a child past the age of 12 months has already discriminated against the sounds of their native language. Take English for example, when a kindergarten aged child first learns to read or write, they will use more consonant sounds because to them consonants are more consistent, but a Spanish speaking child will use vowels to guide their learning (Izquierdo). Spanish has only five definite vowel sounds whereas standard English has 11...
Heward, W. (2013). Deafness and Hearing Loss. In Exceptional Children An Introduction to Special Education (10th ed., pp. 330-337). Boston, Massachusettes: Pearson.