Hydrocarbon generally exist in liquid and gaseous forms. The liquid form is a mixture of water and oil (Hilyard, 2012). In Nigeria, pipelines and road truck tankers are the means of transportation and distribution of liquid petroleum products (Ambituuni et. al., 2015). Likewise, pipelines are means of transportation worldwide and used to convey large amount of crude oil, natural gas and petroleum products from well head to the processing points, then to the flow stations, the storage tanks in the terminal and finally to the export tanks where they will be loaded for exploring hence they are expected to guarantee a continual, dependable and economical method (Miesner and Leffler, 2006). These pipelines perform an essential role in modern societies …show more content…
Significant incident failures in oil and gas pipelines because of not having a proper maintenance system have made global headlines. In 1993, a gas pipeline failed, and the escaping gas ignited burning and leading to the death of 51 people in Venezuela. Also, in New Jersey, 1994, a pipeline failed resulting in one death and about 50 injuries (Hopkins, 1994). In 2000, a sweet gas line ruptured in Carlsbad, New Mexico (PHMSA, 2014), in 2006, over two hundred lives were lost in a pipeline explosion in Lagos and in 2010, a gas line ruptured in San Bruno, California and in Kalamazoo River an oil pipeline oil spilled. The Red Deer River oil pipeline spilled in 2012, and the Mayflower, Arkansas pipeline spilled in 2013. All these generated a significant public concern regarding environmental pollution (PHMSA, 2014). Therefore, it is necessary to have a proper maintenance approach that will mitigate pipeline failures that causes fire, ruptures or leakages of crude oil (Nnadi et al, 2014).
1.2 Problem Statement
Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), an oil and gas corporation, lacks the ability to effectively maintain its pipelines. The pipelines tend to collapse when there is a failure or damage on the pipeline causing oil spillage and sometimes fire.
1.2.1 Problem Statement
On the 9th of February 2004 TransCanada Corporation, an energy company based in Alberta, Canada proposed a plan for the installation and use of a pipeline that would stretch from Alberta, Canada to oil refineries in the Gulf Coast of Texas in the United States. The pipeline, titled the Keystone Pipeline, would be installed in four separate phases and once completed would transport up to 1.1 million barrels of synthetic crude oil per day. Phases two through four of the pipeline encompass the parts of the pipeline that would be installed in the United States and would be located in the states of North and South Dakota, Nebraska, Missouri, and Illinois. TransCanada is currently awaiting approval from the US government in order to begin the installation of the US portion of the pipeline.
Also what safety nets do we have in place in case of environmental catastrophe. The only real way to look at how safe it is is to examine the Trans Mountain pipelines history. The pipeline has been in use for 51 years and in that 51 years there has been 78 spills, (Trans Mountain.com 2013) most of these
One of these factors was the logistical nightmare of redeveloping the infrastructure needed to transport oil to the refinery. As early as 1881, Standard oil operated approximately 3,000 miles of pipelines, eventually owning ninety percent of the nation’s pipelines. Although transcontinental railroads were an available alternative, pipelines were cheaper, reduced handling and storage fees, and were more efficient. The fact that modern oil companies invest hundreds of millions of dollars into speculating for sustainable natural oil deposits implies that such deposits are rare and hard to identify with a passing glance. If the spurts of oil proved to be isolated incidents, the capital invested in building pipelines and reestablishing a monopoly would have been squandered.
"Oil Imports and Exports - Energy Explained, Your Guide To Understanding Energy." Web. 26 May 2011. .
Oil sands crude is more corrosive to pipeline and more difficult to clean up when there is a oil spill (Palliser 9). Traditional clean up techniques used will not work and some are concerned that the federal agency that oversees the United States pipelines are not equipped to handle such a massive project (Palliser 9). Search for how many oil spills in the united states. In the event of a structural failure of the Keystone XL pipeline the maximium spill volume could be 2.8 million gallons (Palliser 9). This would be devastating to wetland, rivers, ground water and drinking water
" Oil is the life blood of our modern industrial society. It fuels the machines and lubricates the wheels of the world’s production. But when that vital resource is out of control, it can destroy marine life and devastate the environment and economy of an entire region…. The plain facts are that the technology of oil-- its extraction, its transport, its refinery and use-- has outpaced laws to control that technology and prevent oil from polluting the environment…" (Max, 1969). Oil in its many forms has become one of the necessities of modern industrial life. Under control, and serving its intended purpose, oil is efficient, versatile, and productive. On the other hand, when oil becomes out of control, it can be one of the most devastating substances in the environment. When spilled in water, it spreads for miles around leaving a black memory behind (Stanley, 1969).
Pipeline Transportation is a massive mode of transportation for over one hundred countries around the world. As of 2014, there is approximately 2,175,000 miles of pipeline, enough to wrap around the Earth 87 times. Of those millions of miles, 64% of the world’s pipeline is in the United States alone. Pipelines are mostly used for the transportation of both crude and refined petroleum, fuels such as oil, natural gas, and biofuels, and other fluids like water and sewage. Even alcohol is sometimes transported using pipelines. Pipelines are used all around us. Miles of them are running continuously below our feet on a daily basis. The creation of pipeline transportation has been an incredibly help to society both directly and indirectly.
Chevron comes under very stringent environmental regulations, having faced very costly litigations on environmental protection and has a pending litigation on it due to the contamination of the Ecuadorian Amazon rainforest, where the plaintiffs have made a claim of over $24 billion. Nigeria’s political instability has also created challenges to Chevron, which is a substantially large oil export in Africa.
1. Lorenzo’s parents used the scientific method to solve the situation of lorenzo dying by coming up will solution to his ALD problem and stayed up late every night for years straight just to find a cure for ald and to save their child and all the other kids that suffer from ald and save their lives and many other life that may yet come and suffer from ald
finding new ways to drill for oil and also refine it more efficiently to ensure that
Luckily everyone is given a chance to change what they have done. One solution that CNR can attempt is, to manage their oil pipes better by checking them more frequently and notifying any complication immediately. They can also hire more employees to supervise the pipelines and use advanced technology such as detected sirens and cameras to keep a close eye the pipelines. This will create more job opportunities and if everything is well maintained then small leaks will be reported as soon as possible, stopping them from becoming big leaks. But some of the pipes are located underground which means it will be very hard to supervise underground pipelines. To supervise the underground pipelines they will need to create a pathway for the employees or they will need to plant cameras and sirens underground which will cost them thousands of dollars. Another attempt CNR can make is to invest in a research group that will investigate on new oil well technology and a different route for the pipeline where it is less probable to cause a leak. Once a successful investigation is through the company can plan and organize a new route for the pipelines. Having new technology will improve the protection of pipes. But it will take some years to collect enough money to construct new routes and accomplish a proper research. Our reliance on oil based products and services is
» Downstream: significant refineries incorporate unrefined petroleum preparing and transport of items to retail outlets.
Hydrocarbons are compounds formed by carbon and hydrogen atoms. They are used as fuels to produce energy in incomplete and complete combustion reactions. Incomplete combustion occurs when hydrocarbons react with a small amount of oxygen (O2), whilst complete combustion occurs when hydrocarbons react with large amounts of oxygen. Incomplete combustions produce water (H2O), carbon monoxide (CO) and/or soot (C). The CO and soot produced from incomplete combustion can have harmful consequences on humans and the environment. They not only damage human health, but also contribute to the current issue of global warming, ozone formation, and black carbon footprint. That being said, CO is vital to the human body in order to properly function.
Production of crude oil is set to begin in 2020. As a result, I conducted a research under the supervision of my supervisor to determine the impact of the oil production on traffic in the area using other oil producing countries such as Ghana, Nigeria and Angola as case studies. The research was successful and the report has hence been submitted to the client.
Pipeline transport is the use of pipes to convey various products from one point to another. These pipes can be made up of metal, plastic or even ceramic. It is efficient in transporting petroleum and natural gases over long distances. It is also convenient and economical in transporting petroleum and natural gases when compared to truck and rail modes of transport. It allows for the transport of large volumes of the commodity (Clifford