Humanistic Nursing Theory

Cancer is one of the most diseases related to death in the worldwide. According to the "Global Cancer: Facts and Figures 2nd edition" (2008), cancer is the second diseases that leads to death in the world, losing only for heart diseases. It is knowledgeable that the first cancer that affects women is the breast cancer. In 2008, the American Cancer Society estimated that 1.38 million new cases of breast cancer in that year and 458.400 had died due to the same cancer. When we look close for the situation in Canada, it is estimated, according to the Breast Cancer Society in Canada, that 24.400 women will be diagnosed with breast cancer. Breast cancer has been related to gene mutation, family history, and others. Moreover, the WHO mention that

Josephine Paterson and Dr. Loretta Zderad (1976) formulated the Humanistic Nursing Theory (HNT) that, on the first moment, was a way for nurses define nursing. "[...] the humanistic nursing approach respects nursing experience as a source of wisdom. By describing and conceptualizing the phenomena experienced in nursing situations, nurses could contribute to the development of nursing as a discipline. Even more, they could add to the knowledge of man." In addition, this theory has also the desire to offer responses to calls made by the patients. This theory is based on the phenomenology, which is, as describe by Klaiman, a philosophy and also a method that integrate a non-specific approach or a mode of viewing the world. Description, intuition, analysis and synthesis are the techniques used by the phenomenological approach. Paterson and Zderad explain they phenomenology in five phase. The first phase is known as Preparation of the nurse knower for coming to know on which the nurse is an investigator who takes risks and has an open-mind. The second phase calls Nurse knowing of the other intuitively. Here, the nurse tries to comprehend the patient and does not overlap himself/herself on the patient. The subsequent stage is Nursing knowing the other scientifically. Now, the nurse analyses, compare and categorize. The fourth phase, Nurse complementary synthesizing known other, the nurse develop or see themselves as a source of knowledge, but not stop increasing their understand of their own experience. The last phase is called Succession within the nurse from the many to the paradoxical one. It is the stage where the nurse applies the information learned and implement it in the clinical