To undertake a full thematic investigation of this period would be very much beyond the scope of this paper. Thus, the essay will embark on a high level chronological interpretation of some of the defining events and protagonists, which influenced the early modernization of Ireland during the period 1534-1750. The main focus of the paper will concentrating on the impact and supervision of the Tudor dynasty. Firstly, the essay will endeavour to gain an understanding as to what contemporary historians accept as being the concept of modernization during this time period. The paper will then continue by examine the incumbent societal and political structure of Ireland prior to the Tudor conquests. This will have the impact of highlight the modernising effects produced by the subsequent attempts by the Tudors to consolidate and centralise power in the hands of the State. Once more, due to the vast nature of the time period, not every modernizing effect can be examined. Therefore, the paper will concentrate on the modernization of the political landscape, land ownership and the impact this had on the geographic construct of the island.
Most contemporary historians define the European early modern period from around the beginning of the sixteenth century, up until the commencements of the French Revolution of 1789. The ambiguity inherent in this apparent catch-all period is problematic, and invokes much debate and disagreement among historians. For the purpose of expediency, this paper will have its modernizing genesis in the thoughts of Mitchell Greenberg writing in the Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies. Greenberg states there was a common modernizing compulsion right across Europe during this time period ‘…marked by both a gen...
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...wn to 4,000 acres. The undertakers, mostly landowners from England and Wales, were bound by gain, to plant ninety families that would constitute the full gambit of the English ‘social pyramid’. They also undertook not to lease to Native Irish. Success fell far short of ambitions. The grants proved too enormous for on undertaker to supervise and much of the New English planters never materialised. As a consequence, and the willingness of the Irish tenancy to pay higher rents, most of the displaced native Irish returned to the land. This had the unforeseen modernising effect of placing the Gaelic Irish into the newly created English social structure. As a result of the vast military activity all over the island, huge areas of impenetrable terrain was opened up. This had the knock on effect of improving travel, communications and trade over the majority of the island.
In The Voices of Morebath: Reformation and Rebellion in an English Village, renowned scholar Eamonn Duffy investigates the English Reformation. Duffy pears through the eyes of the priest of a small, remote village in Southwestern England. Using Sir Christopher Trichay’s records of the parish, Duffy illustrates an image of Reformation opposite of what is predominantly assumed. Duffy argues the transformation that took place between 1530 and 1570, through the transition of four monarchs, was much more gradual that many interpret. Even though state mandate religious change affected the community of Morebath, the change did not ensue the violence that is often construed with the Reformation. Sir Christopher Trichay’s leadership and his portrayal of community life, the development and removal of St. Sidwell, and the participation in the church through stores develop Duffy’s argument of appeasement rather than violence during the English Reformation.
Fabricant, Carole. "Speaking for the Irish Nation: The Drapier, the Bishop, and the Problems of Colonial Representation." ELH (1999): 337-332. http://www.jstor.org.muncie.libproxy. ivytech.edu/stable/30032076.
Hunger is a film written by Edna Walk and Steve McQueen and also directed by Steve McQueen. McQueen, an Englishman, is known in the art industry for having a very creative and detailed eye for identifying, capturing, and magnifying the slightest detail and assigning it a multitudinous of different contextual meanings. Hunger, McQueen’s first feature film, does not disappoint or deviate from his artistic fashion and as a result, Hunger brings to life the political, social, and disturbingly graphic conflicts that occurred in the Maze prison complex during the hunger strike of 1981. The historical context of Hunger, being released into the current media market, acts as an emotional thermometer for gauging how modern-day society remembers, learns from, and reflects on this modern-day historical event that is personal, yet, controversial to many people in the UK and around the world.
The time in which this all took place and the author’s background play an important role in understanding this proposal. During the 18th century, the English and Irish were in the midst of a political, economic, and religious struggle. One of the biggest obstacles was the Catholi...
The British Parliamentary Papers on Ireland (BPPI) are an indispensable primary source for virtually every historian (and many non-historians) working in most fields of Irish history, and the history of Anglo-Irish relations, during the period of the Union (1801-1922). We have identified some 13,700 official publications relating to Ireland from the House of Commons[1] Sessional Indexes for this period, ranging in scale from short bills of a few pages and reports, to the massive social inquiries with volumes of minutes of evidence exemplified by the decennial censuses, the Poor Inquiry Commission (1836) and Devon Commission (1845) reports, each of which were multi-volume documents covering thousands of pages.
In our modern lives today we live in a world of malls, fashion, cellphone, sports cars and drones. Everyday there is something new to add to what we define as modern. Whether it’s a new television show, new brand of shoe or some accessory for our pets what we define as modern is ever changing. R. W. Southern and Jacob Burckhardt have both made valid points about the making of the Modern Ages; however, they both are very subjective in their viewpoints. Burckhardt insists the idea of modernity came from the Renaissance in Italy in the fourteenth and fifteenth century. But R.W. Southern suggests that the Renaissance in Northern France during the eleventh and twelfth century was the beginning for the modern mindset.* Each has also described how
Modernity is the constant change that each generation of people often bring to their fellow peers and their supposedly “Pre-Existent” way of life, whether it is simply within the boundaries of their neighborhood or a certain form of deposition that government seeks to implement onto their country. Artistically, modernity has been a staple within the community of painters, performers, sculptists muralists and literary authors. In many forms, it is very possible to find certain examples and broad statements within the artworks of certain artists that represents such forms of rejection. Many forms of modernity have been present within our history without our fully being aware of them, even in our early human history modernity became present to our ancestors. During the 1500s, early modernity began to rise with the publication of a very observant book by a smart young man, in the year 1543, Nickolaus copernicus published the book, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres). It is the seminal work on the heliocentric theory printed in Nuremberg, Holy Roman Empire. This book had offered an alternative view and model of the universe compared to Ptolemy's geocentric system, which had been very widely accepted since ancient times. This achievement to challenge what was known as the norm began to spark a very great flame within the embers of modernity. In the 1700s to near 1800s, another form of modernity was introduced, musicians began to create a very different form of music which has become to be known as romanticism, within not only the musical culture but in the everyday culture as well, romanticism was the reaction to the then “ Age of Enlightenment” and the industrial revolution. It began to focus on different
The Irish began to experience issues with Britain when they overtook Ireland in the 12th century. The Irish revolutionaries have consistently fought against the British for their own independent nation. In order to cease all further struggles amongst Ireland and Britain, the Act of Union was created in 1800. The Act of Union sought to create the United Kingdom of Britain and Ireland. Unfortunately, this Act caused more distress between these two nations; the British imposed new laws discriminating against the Irish. Not only has Ireland endured much pain and anguish in their fight for freedom but Ireland also suffered one of the most brutal famines in history with little to no support from Great Britain, increasing the tension between these two nations. The Easter Rising of 1916 is regarded as one of the most noteworthy rebellions in the history of Ireland. Although the nationals gained much momentum during this insurrection, this rising is known as a military failure but an immense political victory for the Irish Republicans.
Hughes, Michael. Ireland Divided: The Roots of the Modern Irish Problem. New York: St.Martin’s Press Inc., 1994.
Ozment, Steven E. Introduction. The Age of Reform (1250-1550): An Intellectual and Religious History of Late Medieval and Reformation Europe. New Haven: Yale UP, 1980. 13. Print.
The ‘Accelerated Growth’ excerpt from Blockman’s and Hoppenbrouwer’s Introduction to Medieval Europe 300-1550 puts forth an underlying assertion that there is casual relationship between popular agricultural innovations, political organisation and cultural & social expansion in the medieval period. The relationship being inferred is that as a result of vast population growth in the period, greater need for forms of social order and authority also grew, and thus, as a result a whole new culture and social order of courtly behaviour, knighthood and a new state of peasantry were born. Firstly, the authors cover the evidence that essentially provides the groundwork for their argument about the emergent culture. That is, the rapid population expansion
Europe was a boisterous region in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Particularly, during the Renaissance and Protestant Reformation, both introduced intellectual ideas and radical religious believes that challenged centuries of highly-structured and established systems. After the great developments of what is now ancient Greece and Rome; Europe fell into a period known as the Dark Ages. In which learning was suppressed, yet, by the turn of the 1400’s, there was a “rebirth” of learning: the Renaissance. The Renaissance was marked by an intense awakening from the long slumber in the visible world and in the knowledge derived from the experiences and effort to revive ancient learning. The term Renaissance has, over the years, become synonymous
● “The Changing Faces of Ireland” Darmody, M. Tyrell, N. & Song, S. (2011) Springer
The Protestant Reformation can be described as a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches around Europe*. Henry VII during this time wanted Ireland to follow the religious changes which he was making in England and therefore started a reform against the Catholic Church in the country. These changes dealt mainly with the way the Church was run as he closed down monasteries and ordered the bible and other catholic scripture to be written in English. Other rulers after Henry VII tried other methods of reform by attempting to change the beliefs of the Irish people such as Elizabeth I who declared the leader of the Church of Ireland to be an English monarch and she also introduced fines on the failure to attend mass on Sunday. Despite these attempts by the English to spread a reform around Ireland it was largely a fail but certain aspects of the reform have had an effect and can still be seen to this day. This essay will discuss when the Protestant Reformation occurred in Ireland and the reasons why it failed.
“Becoming a modern society is about industrialization, urbanization, and rising levels of literacy, education, and wealth. ”― Samuel P. Huntington