Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of primary liver cancer accounting for 7.5% and 3.5% of all cancers among men and women respectively. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer and the third most common cause of cancer mortality. Its incidence is increasing worldwide ranging between 3% and 9% annually. HCC has been increasing in Egypt with a doubling in the incidence rate in the past 10 years. Recently Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has become the predominant factor associated with the more recent epidemic of HCC. HCV infects about 170 million people worldwide and plays an important role in HCC development where serological markers of HCV infection (positive anti-HCV) are found in 71% of HCC cases from Egypt. Increasing age and male gender increase liver cancer risk, and modifiable factors, such as smoking and heavy alcohol consumption, also play a substantial role in incidence of liver cancer. A recent report indicates that male liver cells are more prone to entering a proliferative state. For instance, hepatic epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR), which is over expressed in a significant proportion of hepatocellular carcinomas, is expressed at higher levels in male liver than female liver. EGFR expression is enhanced by Androgen (AR) activation and Estrogen (ER) activation reduces inflammation in females and AR activity sustains infections and steatosis in males. A recent study discovered that sexually dimorphic HCC is completely reversed in Foxa1- and Foxa2-deficient mice after diethyl nitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. It was hypothesized that the effects of estrogens and androgens on HCC development are dependent upon Foxa factors. This study aims to find the correlation between...
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...ll be assembled using Brilliant SYBR green QPCR master mix (Stratagene), a 0.125 M concentration of each specific primer, and the included reference dye at a 1:400 dilution. Reactions will be performed in triplicate using the SYBR green program on the Mx4000 PCR System (Stratagene). The enrichment of target genes will be calculated using the 28S rRNA locus as a reference for nonspecific DNA.
5. Expression Profiling; fluorescently labeled cDNAs will be hybridized to the Whole Human Genome Oligo Microarray (Agilent).
6. Immunoprecipitation; Protein G-conjugated Dynal magnetic beads (Invitrogen) were employed to purify the protein complexes bound by the hormones' receptors and the transcription factors.
7. Serum IL-6 levels were measured with an ELISA kit (R&D Systems).
8. Serum ALT activities were measured with a coupled enzymatic reaction (Genzyme Diagnostics).
When the PCR technique is completed, the tubes are stored at 4°C until analysis of the tubes. To analyze the PCR results with the gel electrophorese, 2.5ul of the 10x loading dye is added to each PCR reaction tube. The gel for the electrophorese consists of 1.5% agarose gel with 0.5x TBE and 200ng/ml ethidium. bromide. The sand is a sand.
...It allowed access to virtually annotate sequences freely, build and visualize maps, design primers, and restriction analysis. First, the pEGFP-N1 plasmid nucleotide sequence was found by using the NCBI nucleotide database program. SnapGene viewer illustrated the restriction enzyme cut sites used to cut EGFP gene from the pEGFP-N1 source plasmid. Then the pET-41a (+) vector sequence was found by using the AddGene Vector Database. A new DNA file representing the recombinant pET-41a (+)-EGFP plasmid was built by virtually cloning the EGFP gene insert into the pET-41a (+) vector sequence. The plasmid was virtually cut utilizing the pAD1 sense primer and pAD1 anti primer from the PCR procedure. A restriction digest experiment was designed to confirm the identity of the PCR product. The two restriction endonucleases that cut the PCR product at least once was HgaI and XspI.
Most animals are susceptible to the development of cancer at some stage of their life. Among all types of cancer, squamous cell carcinoma is one of the skin cancer that commonly affects domestic animals. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is a type of cancer caused by neoplasms arising from the squamous epithelium of an animal regardless of species. However, this essay will only focus on this condition among felines since my chosen species is a white cat called Rosie. There are several forms of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma among felines, which are known as solar keratosis and multicentric squamous cell carcinoma in situ, sometimes known as Bowen’s-like disease, but in this case, Rosie is diagnosed with
The pancreas can be divided into two sections when studying the histology. The pancreas has exocrine and endocrine functions, each with unique cell types. The exocrine pancreas serves to secrete digestive enzymes into the duodenum. Some of the specific enzymes and secreted substances are Proteases, lipase, amylase, bicarbonate, and water (Bowen, “Exocrine Secretions”). These enzymes are used to break down protein, fat, and carbohydrates respectively. The bicarbonate simply act as an acid buffer to prevent damage of the small intestine as the stomach acid must be neutralized. The enzymes are created in acinar cells and the bicarbonate is synthesized in epithelial cells surrounding pancreatic ducts (Bowen “Exocrine
I have chosen to write about the constellation Cancer (The Crab). I chose Cancer because it is one of only a handful of constellations that I am actually able to identify in the night sky. Cancer is one of the twelve Zodiac constellations; people whose birthdays fall between June 21st and July 22nd have Cancer as their sign. Cancer is the Latin word for crab, and despite the fact that the constellation looks more like a lobster then a crab, it is still referred to as a crab. The constellation is visible from the northern hemisphere from late winter to early spring.
I have elected to transcribe my proposal argument on issues regarding cancer chemoprevention. I selected this topic because reasonably minute devotion has been given to cancer chemoprevention research in ethical writings, particularly in relation to the huge quantity of moral studies in cancer treatment exploration. Cancer chemoprevention trials test the ability and care of medicinal agents in averting cancer before its manifestation. I believe that phase III chemoprevention issues can be less prevalent by simply ensuring enhanced communication and etiquette between researchers and investigators.
The Phase I trial will be discussed here as it pertains to the topic at hand. The typical treatment for cervical cancer if surgery is not a viable option – like if the cancer has spread, then called locally advanced cervical cancer – is chemotherapy and radiation treatment at the same time. This phase I clinical trial is simply looking to add ipilimumab to this regimen, but once the chemo/radiation has been completed (LACC article). Chemo and radiation destroy tumor cells, which causes tumor-associated antigens to be released. Once released, these antigens are exogenous (outside the cell) and will be presented to helper T cells to initiate an immune response.
A cancer diagnosis can significantly change your life and the lives of your family in various ways. Hearing the news “you’ve been diagnosed with cancer” leave patients and their families in a whirlwind of emotions. The initial shock of this diagnosis leaves feelings of sadness, denial, frustration, confusion, fear, anger, and often times the “why me?” feeling. Thoughts start going through your head regarding how this affects yourself, your family, and your everyday life.
The primary cause of hepatic cirrhosis in the United States is long-term alcoholism. Men respond differently than women to alcohol. With women one or two drinks a day can cause them liver damage. Men can consume two to five drinks a day and be ok. One drink a day can create liver scarring. So like everything else in life it varies, it might affect everyone differently. The individual who drinks alcohol on a daily basis, or more often then others have a higher risk of developing cirrhosis. Hepatic cirrhosis has also been linked to serious liver infections such as hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Patients who are HIV positive have died from developing cirrhosis through the hepatitis virus. Other causes of cirrhosis come from reactions to prescribed medications, injuries to the liver, exposure to toxic substances, and episodes of heart failure with liver congestion. Obt...
In order to figure out the genes responsible, there are several other factors that must be determined. These factors include the number of genes involved, if each gene is x-linked or autosomal, if the mutant or wild-type allele for each is dominant, and if genes are linked or on different chromosomes. Proposed crosses include reciprocal crosses between the pure-breeding mutants of strains A and B with the wild-type will help determine if the genes or sex-linked or autosomal, in addition to which alleles are dominant (8). Another proposed cross includes complementation crosses between pure-breading mutants from strains A and B to determine if one or two genes are involved (8). Furthermore, testcrosses between F1 progeny and pure-breeding recessive mutants from strains A and B, which will help determine if genes are linked on the chromosome or if they assort independently (8). These proposed crosses are shown in the attached
1. Outline the causes, incidence and risk factors of the identified disease and how it can impact on the patient and family (450 words)
"Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Fact Sheet." National Human Genome Research Institute. 10 Dec. 2007. National Institutes of Health. .
Cancer has been seen in humans as one the most potentially fatal disease for thousands of years and only in the recent couple of hundred years have we discovered that most information necessary to bring us to today’s understanding and knowledge (Kenny 2007, Weinberg 1996) was achieved by extensive research of cells, DNA, and epidemiology studies. As we know, currently cancer is acknowledged as having over a hundred different diseases, and is known to be the result of mutations of the genes and almost similar DNA which are responsible for the amount of cell division and production (Kenny 2007). Restraint of cell growth modulators can be a direct lead and result of certain tumours being developed and subsequently allow these tumours to acquire the ability to attack and occupy the bloodstream and essentially be able to travel via the bloodstream to other parts and organs in human bodies which is known as metastasis (Loeb et Al 2003). Once this has occurred , the cancer is then categorized as malicious and becomes a dangerous and serious threat to the carrier (Weinberg 1996). In this essay I will describe and explain the process of this and how our genes mutate and lead to metastasis of cancer cells.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) may begin as a single tumor that grows larger over time or as a group of small tumors on and inside the liver that multiply and grow. HCC is most common in people with cirrhosis (chronic liver damage) or Hepatitis, and it is the most common form of liver cancer in adults. This type of liver cancer accounts for 4 out of 5 primary liver cancer diagnosis.
Almost 263,020 oral cavity cancers, and 127,654 oral cancer deaths occur worldwide each year1. On January 1, 2010, in the US there were approximately 275,193 women and men alive who had a history of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx (181,084 men and 94,109 women)2. The 5-year survival rate of patients with oral cancer remains almost unchanged despite various treatment improvements in the last three decades3. Individuals at high risk of developing oral cancer (OC) are mainly older, males, heavy users of alcohol and tobacco, and have a poor diet and low socioeconomic status4, 5. Recent studies have implicated HPV infection as an independent risk factor for oro-pharyngeal cancers6, 7. For oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the role of HPV remains controversial8.