Thought to be an oncogene, a gene that has potential in transforming normal cells into tumor cells, p53 was regarded as the most prominent tumor suppressor gene [1]. P53 is a gene which signals apoptosis (programmed cell death) if a cell cannot be repaired due to an extensive amount of damage. As stated in the textbook, p53 regulation occurs by an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase known as MDM2 [1]. "Controlling the controller" is a statement that describes the molecular interaction where the presence
Drug addiction involves potentially life-long behavioural abnormalities that are caused in vulnerable individuals by repeated exposure to a drug of abuse (Kumar et al., 2005). The persistence of these behavioural changes suggests that long-lasting changes in gene expression, within regions of the brain, may contribute to the addiction phenotype (Kumar et al., 2005). Recent research has been aiming to characterize the influence of epigenetic regulatory events in mediating the lasting effects of abusive
generation of millions of DNA fragments in parallel which lead to produce a new era in medical genomics (2). These technologies have been involved in several studies including; RNA sequencing, bisulfite sequencing, DNA target, resequencing, Chromatin Immunoprecipitation sequencing, MethylCap-seq and others (3). NGS have enumerous developed platforms such as illumina/Solexa, SOLID, 454 pyrosequencing, Pacific Bio, and Ion Torrent Sequencing (5). In 2009, a study showed that NGS technologies have been applied
by Protein Kinase A (20). S236 lies within the DNA binding domain of ER, which is also important for functional heterodimerization of ERα and ERβ. It was observed that overexpression of PKA inhibited ER activity in the absence of ligand. An immunoprecipitation assay revealed that phosphorylation of S236 prevented heterdimerization. This helped conclude that phosphorylation of S236 by PKA regulates ER activity. Another way a transcription factor can be activated is through binding of a specific ligand