Groundwater is the most significant source of clean water for an assortment of uses, including industrial, irrigation, drinking and domestic habits. Nevertheless, excessive usage of groundwater has resulted depletion of this natural resources and thus a continual fall in its groundwater level. A gradual decline in water quality is also taking place, from industrial, farming and domestic effluents entering into hydrologic cycle. To counteract groundwater resource depletion and deterioration, its management is a critical issue, for current and future generation. During the past three decades, many groundwater management models were developed by several researchers by linking groundwater flow/transport simulation model with optimization model (Shamir et al.,1984; Ahlfeld et al., 1986; Lefkoff and Gorelick, 1986; Willis and Finney, 1988; Finney and Samsuhadi, 1992; Emch and Yeh, 1998; Zheng and Wang, 2002,Wu and Zhu, 2006; Ayvaz,2009;Gaur et al.,2011a; Gaur et al.,2011b; Ghandour and Elsaid, 2013). The distinctive features, among those studies, are the type of the groundwater management problems, the way governing PDEs of groundwater flow or transport is solved in the simulation stage and the types of algorithms used in the optimization phase. Previous studies on groundwater management generally used numerical tools like finite difference method (FDM) or finite element method (FEM) for simulating groundwater flow and transport processes and therefore struck by various shortcomings of these methods, like choice of appropriate boundary condition, domain discretization error, numerical stability, difficulty in representing the well location accurately, and difficulty in representing stream/rivers. As an alternative, Gaur et al., (2011)...
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...and Lin, 1994) considering two management scenarios (i) maximization of total pumping (ii) minimization of total pumping cost. Results are compared with the previous results available in literature. Second, a multiobjective cat swarm optimization (MOCSO) model has been developed and coupled with AEM based simulation model. Coupled AEM-MOCSO model has been applied to the same hypothetical problem, considering two conflicting multiple objectives: maximization of total pumping and minimization of total pumping cost. Third reverse path line calculation of water particles from the well locations is done by particle tracking method (PT), using head and velocity obtained from AEM based flow simulation model. Then the model is coupled with CSO, to develop a management strategy for minimization of groundwater contamination by capture zone management (AEM-PT-CSO) of the well.
The Flint water crisis would be one of the most critical things today in michigan. It’s critical for young children not to get lead exposure they should be screened from the lead and lead levels in children's bodies as well. (National Center for Healthy Housing) The water needs to be treated with which it will increase the corrosiveness and potentially further erode any lead piping. (Duke) The People in Flint are a facing with not be able to drink water, and shower. All of these things that happened are critical factors of what is happening in the Flint water crisis today. (Reveal)
Spellman. F, 2000, The Science of Water: Concepts and Applications, Second Edition, CRC Press, Page 76. Richards, K. S., 1978. Simulation of flow geometry in a riffle–pool stream. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 3, 345–354.
Water shortage is a growing problem for most countries in the world. For China, which has 20% of world’s population and only 7% of available water resources, this problem may become catastrophic (Hofstedt 2010, 72). Therefore some actions and measures should be performed to avoid or at least to weaken future water crisis in China. In this work the following three solutions will be proposed and analyzed in terms of efficiency and applicability: water usage efficiency improvement; adopting the local agencies on controlling water resources; reasonable water pricing.
Due to industrial waste ,domestic wastes and agriculture wastes entering into water source, Chinese government reporting that nearly 60 percent of China’s groundwater is polluted. It also leads the decrease in water quality. A large amount of water cannot be used and thus foster the water scarcity problem in China.
Have you’ve ever just been so thirsty, you just need to drink a tall cold glass of water?
This research method is called pump and treat. It is a very popular method for cleaning up contaminated groundwater. By proceeding with pump and treat, adding cleaning wells will be necessary. Groundwater is then pumped through these wells and will go into a holding tank so the process can begin. The pumping process helps so that no contaminant can reach drinking wells and public water use. This treatment may require several different cleanup methods if groundwater contaminants are
The Ogallala Aquifer is a shallow water table aquifer, an underground lake beneath the surface. It is located beneath the Great Plains in the United States. The Ogallala Aquifer is one of the largest aquifers and it covers a 175,000 miles squared area (Approximately). Its area spreads underneath eight states: South Dakota, Wyoming, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, Nebraska, and Colorado. It was given the name because of its type locality near the small town of Ogallala, Nebraska in 1898. The Ogallala Aquifer is very important to United States agriculture. Approximately 25 percent of the irrigated land in America overlies the aquifer. In addition, 30 percent of the ground water used for irrigation comes from this. The Ogallala Aquifer is crucial to some Americans because the aquifer system is responsible for supplying 80 percent of drinking water to the people who live inside the boundaries of High Plains region. This means that almost two million people are dependent on the Ogallala Aquifer for living.
Mexico is high-urbanized country. Almost 78% of its citizens live in cities (Castro and Heller 2009). That is why citizens of urban areas suffer the most from the appreciable water shortage. The situation with water supply in urban areas is critical. As an example, Mexico City, with population about 20 million people, faces quite serious scarcity of water. It obtains water from 3 main basins, all of them are overexploited (UNESCO 2006). The solution of the government to this problem was to pump water from the aquifers. However, these palliative actions of the government have not solved the problem, three aquifers from which city gets water are overused (UNESCO 2006).
Groundwater remained the main supply until 1971 which was when Las Vegas became more dependent on Colorado River water due to the “Southern Nevada Water System” (Brown, n.d.; Larsen et al., 2015). Since then up to 90,000 acre-feet of groundwater has been pumped on a yearly basis, this value surpasses the natural groundwater recharge (Laczniak et al., n.d.). Rain as well as snow serves as the primary sources of groundwater recharge for the aquifers while precipitation plays a minor role (Laczniak et al., n.d.). Due to there not being balanced discharge and recharge this has led to subsidence and as a result of this subsidence the storage capacity of aquifers has decreased due to compaction (Laczniak et al., n.d.). It is estimated that 187,000 acre feet of storage capacity in the aquifers has been lost due to compaction (Laczniak et
The incorporation of effective drainage system and sometimes detention basin, if the catchment area is large, is essential as combating efforts against runoff. Researchers and engineers use urban stormwater computer model to carry out simulation of urban collection system network. Urban stormwater models play a signifi...
It might be easier to live a healthy life for many people, but for others it can be very challenging. I have tried to be healthy so many times, but I always fell off the wagon. For many days I would “feel” healthy, but in reality I was not the healthiest person mentally or physically. I knew that I had to change my behavior, and become healthier (or at least almost healthy) if I wanted to live a longer life. I began my journey by drinking more water, balancing my eating with exerting, all while trying to stay mentally well.
There are many types of pollution. The main types of pollution are water, air, soil, thermal, radioactive, noise, and light. The topic for this experiment is Water Pollution. Water Pollution became a problem in the 1900’s when water started being treated like sewage. Earth Day was founded by United States Senator Gaylord Nelson on April 22, 1970 because of 1900’s pollution. Water Pollution also affects humans and animals. There was a Cholera outbreak in 1854, before water pollution became a problem, and a Typhoid outbreak in New York from 1900 to 1915. There are multiple possible causes to Water Pollution. Humans let out chemicals into the environment, and when some of those chemicals
The Causes of Water Pollution Water pollution is very harmful to the environment and living things. Water pollution can come from many different sources. If the pollution comes from only one source, such as an oil spill, it is called point-source pollution. If it comes from many different sources, it is called nonpoint-source pollution. Most water pollution affects the immediate area surrounding the source, but there are some types of pollution, such as hazardous, that can affect areas miles away from the source.
Wastewater is the combination of water-carried or liquid wastes starting in the sanitary conveniences of dwellings, industrial or commercial facilities. In addition to this, surface water, groundwater and storm water may also be present. It is any water that has been badly affected in quality by anthropogenic influence. It contains waste from residential, industrial and commercial processes. Municipal water contains industrial wastewater, sewage and gray water. Gray water is the water from sinks and showers. Large industries also produce wastewater.
Water and Waste Management Engineering addresses water and waste water treatment, surface and ground water pollution and control, solid and hazardous waste management, contaminant transport and behaviour in the environment. Support areas involving aquatic chemistry, computer modeling, simulation and laboratory experimentation as examples are also stressed.