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Impact of microfinance in economic development
The importance of microcredit
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INTRODUCTION
During the eighties, Grameen Bank becomes popular among policy makers. This institution, also referred as “the bank for the poor”, is a micro-lending program established in Bangladesh(Yunus, 2003). Their primary purpose is to foster entrepreneurship among the underserved population through providing loans at low or no interest rate with flexible payment plans(Bornstein, 1996). This initiative enables individuals to access capital access otherwise will not obtain it(Bornstein, 1996; Jain, 1996; Mallick, 2002; Yunus, 2003). Due to the success obtained, Authorities across the world implemented local versions in their home countries. Nevertheless, (Hulme, 1990) raised warnings about these implementations comparing the results of the original policy with their counterparts in Malesia, Sri Lanka and Malawi. The results were not as satisfactory as the original bank. The local implementation did not consider different demographics, religions attitudes, and government structure and policy implementation issues, explain in part the results.
The previous example illustrates what a policy transfer / mobility is. As a consequence of the technology advancement and globalization, people are expecting faster policy implementations. Due to
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In the past, the time span that a policy making process took was around a decade or so, leaving enough time for policy making to elaborate policies (Sabatier, 2007).However, with the advance in information and communication technology, now member of the society expects that anything can be achieved as fast as possible and almost instantaneous, analogous to a 24/7 concept. . The time – space compression (Harvey, 1989) suggest that because of the internalization process the relationship between space and time has been modified and affecting cultures and redefining what a place should be.(Massey, 1994)
Prior to Fuller’s transfer, management at the Carson’s location was poorly run using the classical approach. While this approach can be successful, management has to find a good middle ground between caring for the company and caring about their employees. A traditional classical approach recognizes that there are five important factors to running a successful business (Miller, 19). According to text, these factors are planning, organizing, command, coordination and control (Miller, 19-20). These factors can be seen when you look at Third Bank as a whole. In the study, the CEO saw the issues in his company and put a plan together to improve. He had meetings with management, like fuller, to organize a solution. He then commanded all locations
Environmental and energy policies can play a significant yet small role in the incrementalism in policy making. Environmental policies and new plans often cost money and time that the government cannot fully give to a specific area that may be affected. Charles Lindblom discusses that how the best solution will not always be selected, but that incrementalism is common for larger policies that have a high level of salience and a low level of conflict, since these are more easy to agree upon and change quickly, example airline safety. Environmental policies have a low level and salience and a low level of conflict which causes the policies to get pushed back and often reviewed and not changed because of funding that can be offered. The connection that is created between incrementalism and environmental policy has been changed and improved over time but the actual changes are not implemented because of the prio...
The problem, however, comes down to the fact that although these planners are able to find solutions to neighborhood problems, they lack the power, money, and means to make real changes occur. Even if a solution is raised, the decision has to not only get the approval of the specific department in which it deals but it also must be approved by the Department head and the Planning Commission. For these reasons, the process to make change happen takes a very long time . The lengthy process prevents policies and changes from adapting quickly to fast pace urban
...ace expels it as threatening and dangerous (to power). The primacy of the economic and above all of the political implies the supremacy of space over time....”. Doing our job requires a heavier focus on measuring time. We have to arrive, leave and return at a certain time, and this must always be adhered to. Given that our social interest nowadays predominantly resides in doing our jobs, time is controlled by the economic sphere of society. Time is subordinate to work. Meanwhile the political sphere thinks that lived time; leisure time, is dangerous, because that may give us time to reflect on society and begin to think about changing it, when they'd rather we were only concerned with working. This is what is meant by the supremacy of space over time: physical spaces are colonised by the economic and political spheres, and in this way they can physically govern time.
Charles Lindblom in the Science of Muddling Though identified two methodology in formulating policy - the Rational Comprehensive (Root) and Successive Limited Comparisons (Branch). There are numerous differences between the root and branch decision-making methods for policymaking; root (rational) decision-making starts from basic issues on every occasion and builds from the ground up, whereas branch (successive limited comparison) begins with the current situation and changes incrementally. The linear or rational model presents policy-making as a problem solving process which is sensible, objective and analytical. In the model, decisions are made in an orderly manner starting with the identification of a problem or issue then ending with a set of activities to solve or deal with it. Charles Lindblom is critical of the Rational Comprehensive Method (Root) of policy process as simplistic and difficult to apply when dealing with complex issues (Lindblom, 1959, p. 79). He advocates that there is logic of “muddling through” the process rather than identifying all the issues, collecting al...
The ways in which people are placed within “time space compression” as highly complicated and extremely varied. For instance, in the book Nickel and Dimed, Barbara said, “ Something is wrong, very wrong, when a single person in good health, a person who in addition possesses a working car, can barely support herself by the sweat of her brow. You do not need a degree in economics to see that wages are too low and rents too high”(127). Barbara has a car so that she can drive to her workplace and save the time from waiting public transportation, and she also can go to different cities whenever she is free. Therefore, she has more control of her mobility. The social relations would change when she went to another city. Different social groups have distinct relationships to this anyway differentiated mobility: some people are more in charge of it than others, like Barbara; some initiate flows and movement, others do not; some are more more on the receiving-end of it than others. Instead of thinking of places as areas with boundaries around, they can be imaged as articulated moments in networks of social relations and understandings, but where a large proportion of those relations, experiences and understandings are structed ona far larger scale than what we happen to define for that moment as the place itself, whether that be a street, or a region or even a continent. We can see that from her different work experiences in different places. And this in turn allows a sense of place which is extroverted, which includes a consciousness of its links with the wider world, which integrates ina apositive way the global and the
The fundamental of policymaking consists of a lengthy time process that goes through many steps in becoming a Bill. The process of policymaking is introduced in the beginning step of the Policy Formulation Phase, as the problem goes through a Legislation it goes into the Policy Implementation Phase, which than forms into a law or vetoed. Many policies do not become a Bill’s, but the certain ones that do they achieve the goal to guide the society with immense decision making and balanced outcomes.
If the federal government support the small business financially, this may result in more prospurity, and co9vergae of clinical shortage . It is important to assign deligates to persuave some banks to l begin accepting applications from financial institutions who are interested in becoming Community Advantage lenders. It is essential to lobby the government to join thousands of partnerships , and focus on health,, education and welfare. The role will be more effective if we expand the partnership globally. global funding. Global funding can be significant in building program targeting HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis that are high risk from these diseases. Our focus should be focused on human development and not on energy development.
The bank failure in Jamaica illustrates how negative mindsets and behaviors can devastate the financial system and disrupt economic growth. The primary role of any bank is to safeguard its customer’s money, offer interest rate on deposits, lend money to creditworthy individuals, and make sound investment decisions to maximize shareholder value. Because of rapid economic growth between the late 1980s and early 1990s in Jamaica, the Central National Bank (CNB) and Worker’s Savings and Loans Bank (WSLB) loosened their monetary policies, provided preferential interest rates and extended credit beyond what was reasonable to members of its own board of directors, managing directors, and officers of the bank. These actions posed significant risks to the bank and its future.
The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank were created as a result of the Bretton Woods Conference. Both provide assistance to countries suffering economically. While the IMF is a cooperative institution that aims to create an organized global system of payments and receipts, the World Bank is an institution that aims to help developing countries (Driscoll 1). Both play a part in the economies of struggling nations with the goal of reducing their burden and helping them to survive in the global economic system. Unfortunately, in many cases their practices within developing nations have been seen to create more harm than good. This is possibly because both institutions use a one size fits all approach when aiding countries rather than gaining a deep understanding of each country they are involved in and catering their approach as a result. In this paper I will examine the practices of the IMF and World Bank in developing nations that have led to failure and the effects the policies had on these countries.
Microcredit can be defined as small loans, or microloans, for people around the world in extreme poverty to help spur entrepreneurship. The issue of microcredit is extremely important in the world’s economy. Poverty alleviation and economic development are the primary goals of microcredit programs, that is why they began in the developing countries of Asia and Latin America, economist Muhammad Yunus and his Grameen Bank in Bangladesh are credited of pioneering this financial innovation (Smith, Thurman, 2007). After acquiring a loan, impoverished people get involved in self-employment projects that help them to start a business and begin generating income and in many cases leave poverty. Microcredit offers loans to poor people without requesting any financial history from them. These loans help to improve the quality of life of individuals and communities through commitment. In recent years, the idea of giving small loans to poor people became the darling of the development world, giving a way to propel even the poorest people into better lives (Jolis, 2011).
Banker to the Poor, the autobiography of Muhammad Yunus, explains the journey of a man out to battle poverty. The story highlights the Grameen bank program, which was founded in Bangladesh by Yunus. The program was formed to provide small loans to the poor to help them get out of debt and achieve a sustainable life. Yunus helped the poor help themselves through micro-lending or small aid. It started with Yunus, twenty-seven dollars, and forty-two women. All forty-two of these women were in never-ending debt. This viscous cycle prevented them from living a full life. Yunus, aware of their reoccurring issues, handed them enough money to get out of debt which happened to be only twenty-seven dollars. The women put the money to good use and established businesses of their own. They could finally afford enough raw materials to get back on their feet and progress in life. This success led to the development of Yunus’ theories, and steered the path to the Grameen bank program.
1.Christen, Robert Peck; Rosenberg, Richard & Jayadeva, Veena “Financial institutions with a double-bottom line: implications for the future of microfinance” (July 2004)
Since the poor people do not have steady jobs, their incomes are irregular and unpredictable, and banks have no collateral against which the loans can be given out; thus the banks do not want poor clients from both rural and urban areas. Furthermore, the “geographical distance, the widespread illiteracy, and the diverse backgrounds of borrowers” (in this case the rural poor) and the frequency of high cost transactions make it difficult and non-desirable for the banks to give out the loans to rural poor communities. Banks also believe in the fact that the government’s rules and regulations make it difficult to distribute loans to the poor. India’s rural poor have their own financial needs that are influenced by their location, living situation, and their availability to resources and opportunities.
As there are many types of banking and financial institutions in Cambodia, the scope and limitation of the study is mainly take only the commercial banks and microfinances to examine. The study will only go through the basic background of the banking industry and the basic issues and solutions which excludes the other related cases involved in politics.