The Gal4/UAS system is a common, powerful method used for studying gene expression, especially in model organisms (Lynd, 2012). This method can be used to directly study the phenotypes generated through transgene mis- or over-expression. It consists of two parts; the Gal4 gene that encodes the yeast transcription activator protein Gal4, and the UAS (upstream activation sequence) that is an enhancer to which Gal4 binds in order to activate gene transcription. This system was first found in the yeast Saccbaromyces cerevistae and has since been added into model organisms for the purpose of studying gene regulation (Laughon 1984). The Gal4 gene encodes for a protein that has been shown to be a regulator for Gal10 and Gal1 genes by binding to four loci located between the genes (Duffy 2002). The loci that the Gal4 binds to are defined as UASs, which are similar to the enhancers in eukaryotic organisms. Without the Gal4 binding, there would be no expression of the genes defined by the UAS (Giniger 1985). Balancer chromosomes are …show more content…
The Gal4 fly that we had chosen had the DII gene, which is responsible for distal less limb formation (Calleja et al. 1996). The UAS fly that we chose had the gene UAS-dsRNA.abd-A, which targets the gene expression at the abdomen. Two vials of DII-Gal4 (9/27/2014) and two vials of UAS.dsRNA.abd-A (09/15/2014) were retrieved. Using carbon dioxide, a paintbrush (Connoisseur 357 sable mix round), as well as a microscope was used to obtain five female virgins from the two vials of UAS.dsRNA.abd-a and five virgin males from DII-Gal4. Each gender specialized for a particular function was separated into their own sterile vials. This retrieval was conducted over a five day period. After this five day period, the two separate vials of genders were combined and crossed into single male vial. The crossed flies were checked and examined in the concluding of 72 hours of
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Examining the Crosses Between Drosophila Fruit Flies Introduction The major topic of this experiment was to examine two different crosses between Drosophila fruit flies and to determine how many flies of each phenotype were produced. Phenotype refers to an individual’s appearance, where as genotype refers to an individual’s genes. The basic law of genetics that was examined in this lab was formulated by a man often times called the “father of genetics,” Gregor Mendel. He determined that individuals have two alternate forms of a gene, referred to as two alleles.
“Molecular and Cellular Cloning - Boundless Open Textbook." Boundless. Boundless, n.d. Web. aaaaa 22 May 2014.
Transcription factors are proteins that help turn specific genes "on" or "off" by binding to nearby DNA.
There are 4 main mechanisms of modification and regulation of gene expression; DNA methylation, Chromatin Remodeling (architecture), Histone Modification and RNAi (interference/interactions)
Genetic engineering has been around for many years and is widely used all over the planet. Many people don’t realize that genetic engineering is part of their daily lives and diet. Today, almost 70 percent of processed foods from a grocery store were genetically engineered. Genetic engineering can be in plants, foods, animals, and even humans. Although debates about genetic engineering still exist, many people have accepted due to the health benefits of gene therapy. The lack of knowledge has always tricked people because they only focused on the negative perspective of genetic engineering and not the positive perspective. In this paper, I will be talking about how Genetic engineering is connected to Brave New World, how the history of genetic engineering impacts the world, how genetic engineering works, how people opinions are influenced, how the side effects can be devastating, how the genetic engineering can be beneficial for the society and also how the ethical issues affect people’s perspective.
The results of the fruit fly (Drosphila melanogaster) experiment undertaken are important for numerous reasons. Firstly, the results obtained give statistical insight into what the data values are showcasing in this experiment. The outcomes being depicted from a mathematical point of view makes it easier to comprehend. This laboratory activity demonstrates how count data gives a much better understanding of statistics (especially for genetics and evolution). It is better to obtain results from appropriate statistics rather than making conclusions based on data such as random sexual relations, genetic and evolutionary change and diversity of the fruit fly species. Secondly, the results summarize the data into an interpretation that is to the
The F2 punnett square shows that there should not be a female fly that has apterous wing mutation. Our observed experiment showed that female flies are capable of forming in the F2 Generation. Therefore, the mutation is located on autosomal chromosomes. In trial 1, the p value is not significant. This could be due to the fact that the male to female ratio in the F1 generation was unequal. In trial 2, the p value is significant and likely due to chance. The probability error is between 1 % and 5%.
Genes are, basically, the blueprints of our body which are passed down from generation to generation. Through the exploration of these inherited materials, scientists have ventured into the recent, and rather controversial, field of genetic engineering. It is described as the "artificial modification of the genetic code of a living organism", and involves the "manipulation and alteration of inborn characteristics" by humans (Lanza). Like many other issues, genetic engineering has sparked a heated debate. Some people believe that it has the potential to become the new "miracle tool" of medicine. To others, this new technology borders on the realm of immorality, and is an omen of the danger to come, and are firmly convinced that this human intervention into nature is unethical, and will bring about the destruction of mankind (Lanza).
Conclusion for class di-hybrid cross: The p value 0.779 is in the non-significant range in the chi square table. The null hypothesis is therefore correct. Sepia eyes and vestigial wings in the flies is a mutation in the genes that is not linked meaning it is a product of independent assortment.
In their research article, “Genetic modification and genetic determinism”, David B. Resnik and Daniel B. Vorhaus argue that all the nonconsequentialist arguments against genetic modification are faulty because of the assumption that all the traits are strongly genetically determined, which is not the case. Resnik and Vorhaus dispel four arguments against genetic modification one-by-one. The freedom argument represents three claims: genetic modification prevents the person who has been modified from making free choices related to the modified trait, limits the range of behaviors and life plans, and interferes with the person 's ability to make free choices by increasing parental expectations and demands (Resnik & Vorhaus 5). The authors find this argument not convincing, as genes are simply not “powerful” enough to deprive a person of free choice, career and life options. In addition to that, they argue that parental control depends not on genetic procedure itself, but rather on parents’ basic knowledge of what the results of the modification should be. In a similar fashion, the giftedness arguments, which states that “Children are no longer viewed as gifts, but as
Citation: Philips, T. (2008) Regulation of Transcription and gene expression in Eukaryotes. Nature Education 1(1)
Human genetic engineering can provide humanity with the capability to construct “designer babies” as well as cure multiple hereditary diseases. This can be accomplished by changing a human’s genotype to produce a desired phenotype. The outcome could cure both birth defects and hereditary diseases such as cancer and AIDS. Human genetic engineering can also allow mankind to permanently remove a mutated gene through embryo screening as well as allow parents to choose the desired traits for their children. Negative outcomes of this technology may include the transmission of harmful diseases and the production of genetic mutations. The benefits of human genetic engineering outweigh the risks by providing mankind with cures to multiple deadly diseases.
Raven, P. H., Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Singer, S. R., & Johnson, G. B. (2011). Biology (9thth ed., pp. 418-419). New York City, NY: McGraw Hill.