Abstract In this experiment, Mendelain Models are observed. The purpose of the experiment is to understand how traits are passed from one generation to the other as well as understanding the difference between sex linked and autosomal genes. One particular trait that is observed in this experiment is when a fly is lacking wings, also known as an apterous mutation. In this experiment, we will determine whether this mutation is carried on an autosomal chromosome or on a sex chromosome. The data for this experiment will be determined statistically with the aid of a chi-square. If the trait is autosomal, then it will be able to be passed to the next generation on an autosomal chromosome, meaning that there should be an equal amount of male and …show more content…
They are very popular because they have a relatively short life cycle, which lasts about 9 days. This makes it easy to observe multiple generations in a short period of time. The fly’s life cycle consists of egg, larvae, pupa, and adult stages. At each of these stages of development, Drosophila exhibits different phonotypical identities and mutations. The flies that were crossed contained a genetic mutation called apterous. Apterous can be observed by looking for flied that are missing wings. Flies with apterous will not have any wings. If this mutation is sex linked, it is expected that the male population will only be wingless in the F2 generation. If the mutational is autosomal, it is expected that the mutation to normal fly ratio is …show more content…
The F2 punnett square shows that there should not be a female fly that has apterous wing mutation. Our observed experiment showed that female flies are capable of forming in the F2 Generation. Therefore, the mutation is located on autosomal chromosomes. In trial 1, the p value is not significant. This could be due to the fact that the male to female ratio in the F1 generation was unequal. In trial 2, the p value is significant and likely due to chance. The probability error is between 1 % and 5%.
Conclusion
Based on our data, apterous is a gene that is located on the autosomal chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. Based on the degree of freedom, the probability is due to chance. The probability error 1% and 5%. It cannot be located on the sex chromosome because there were females in the F2 generation that showed characteristics of apterous, but according to the punnett square there should not be any females with apterous in the F2 generation.
Bibliography
[AA] Concept 10 Chromosomes carry genes. (2002-2011). Retrieved March 24, 2016, from
The Daphnia magna species in this experiment were kept and preserved in jars of suitable water that acted as small ponds. Each Daphnia Magna was transported individually using a wide-mouthed pipette to a depression slide. The stability of the Daphnia Magna on the slide was attained by using a drop of pond water that acted as a boundary of movement for the Daphnia on the depression slide, small pieces of cotton wool were also used to act as an extra boundary to stop the Daphnia Magna from swimming in circles in the pond drop it was placed in; the stability factor was important in counting the heart beat rate more accurately. The depression slide was then placed under the stereomicroscope, over a cooling chamber that was used to slow down the
The purpose of our experiment was to test whether or not the Wisconsin Fast Plants, or Brassica rapa, followed the Mendelian genetics and its law of inheritance. First, after we crossed the heterozygous F1 generation, we created an F2 generation which we used to analyze. After analyzing our results, we conducted a chi-square test for for both the F1 and F2 generations to test their “goodness of fit”. For the F1 generation we calculated an x2 value of 6.97, which was greater than the value on the chi-square table at a p-value of 0.05 and 1 degree of freedom (6.97 > 3.84). This meant that we had to reject our hypothesis that stated there would be no difference between the observed and expected values. This showed us that the F1
The use of model organisms in pre clinical trial is relied upon for the collection of safety and efficacy data prior to first in human clinical studies. The crustacean Daphnia magna is one model organism, whose heart rate is reported to react similarly to the human heart rate, when exposed to identical compounds (3).
Test 4: All three phenotypic frequencies saw a reduction in their number as the homozygote fishes saw a reduction in their number and were not able to pass on their alleles to create either their colored fish or a heterozygote. Both yellow and blue allele frequencies decreased by the same
In science, these fruit flies can be used to study genes and mutations relatively quickly because of the limited life span. Knowing mating behaviors can help scientists better understand their results and improve their experiment designs to reduce
An individual can be homozygous dominant (two dominant alleles, AA), homozygous recessive (two recessive alleles, aa), or heterozygous (one dominant and one recessive allele, Aa). There were two particular crosses that took place in this experiment. The first cross-performed was Ebony Bodies versus Vestigle Wings, where Long wings are dominant over short wings and normal bodies are dominant over black bodies. The other cross that was performed was White versus Wild where red eyes in fruit flies are dominant over white eyes. The purpose of the first experiment, Ebony vs. Vestigle was to see how many of the offspring had normal bodies and normal wings, normal bodies and vestigle wings, ebony bodies and normal wings, and ebony body and vestigle wings.
Robert Warren, Lisa Nagy, Jane Selegue, Julie Gates, and Sean Carroll produced this experiment that wanted to examine homeotic gene expression in butterflies. The hypothesis they tested was do homeotic genes have driven morphological change or do the homeotic genes provide a pre-existing plan where insects segment diversity evolved. The genes Antp, Scr, Abd-A, and Ubx were isolated from a cDNA library and were used to explore differences in limb and wing numbers between flies and butterflies. Where Ubx and Abd-A are expressed, the limb and wing numbers arose. They started to wonder if the expression of BX-C genes were different in butterflies (P.Coeni) and fruit flies (drosophila). When they did tests, they saw that conservation of BX-C and ANT-C homeotic gene expression are fundamentally similar and don’t explain the differences in appendages in each species. They looked into embryogenesis, and at 20% of the embryogenesis of butterflies, they saw Abd-A protein and RNA are expressed in the anterior and abdominal segments. High levels of Antp expression are seen in the thorax. Past the 20% mark of embryogenesis, the patterns seen of Abd-A, DII, and Antp expression differed extremely - no DII or Antp were expressed in the abdominal proleg.
One key distinction is the sex combs on the male’s foreleg, which is characteristic that is lacking in the females. Another way to distinguish the sex of the flies is to carefully examine the tip of the abdomen in each. The females tend to have a lighter colored abdomen that is more pointy and long. On the other hand, males tend to have darker pigmented abdomen that is round and short. In general, females tend to have a larger body than males. Sex determination can easily be accomplished even under a low power magnification, which adds to the ease of using fruit flies to study genetic
"Persistent female choice for a particular male trait values should erode genitive variance in male traits and thereby remove the benefits of choice, yet choice persists” (Miller, Christine and Allen Moore). This phenomenon is know as the Lek Paradox and has puzzled scientists for many years. Throughout all species there has been abundant evidence showing continuous female choice of male traits, yet there is still no definite answer as to what allows for genetic variance to be maintained, and why a specific trait never becomes fixed. Many hypotheses have been theorized and researched, all providing some explanation as to how this variance in species is maintained, from traits signaling resistance to parasites, according to Hamilton and Zuk, to the hypothesis of mutational and environmental affects. Condition-dependence can also provide information as to how the lek paradox is able to exist; this hypothesis will be looked at in this paper.
17. Fruit flies normally have eight chromosomes. The diagram below shows the result of meiosis in three fruit flies to produce gametes with the number of chromosomes indicated. The male then mates with both female A and female B to produce three zygotes (1, 2, and 3).
Anne Zhang 3/6/14 BSGE 7-1 Lab Report Problem Paragraph 1 Question: What is the effect of temperature on the dissolving time of an Alka-Seltzer? Alka-Seltzer is made up of baking soda, aspirin, and citric acid which gives the tablet the fizz when dropped in any temperature water. “Alka-Seltzer is a medication that works as a pain reliever and an antacid.
There are nearly one million species of insects known. Insects are defined by having six legs and a body divided into three segments: head, thorax, and abdomen. Chitin is an organic material that makes up an insects exoskeleton. There are three life cycles of insects, ametabolous or incomplete and paurometabolous or gradual, and homotabolous or complete metamorphosis. These life cycles are important in the aging of insects for aiding in legal investigations, (Houck and Siegel. Entomology).
The idea of the project was to experiment breeding Drosophila Melanogaster (fruit fly) to figure out if certain genes of that species were sex linked or not (autosomal). A mono-hybrid cross and di-hybrid cross was performed. For the mono-hybrid cross, white eyed female and red eyed male were placed in one vial for them to reproduce. For the di-hybrid cross, red eyed and normal winged flies and sepia eyed and vestigial winged flies were placed in their vial to reproduce. In the mono-hybrid cross the results expected were within a 1:1:1:1 ratio. Expected results similar to the expected desired null hypothesis proposed with what the F1 parental generation breeds. The potential results would have had to have been within the ratios of 9:3:3:1. The results were clear and allowed the null hypothesis to be correct. The white eyed gene in the fruit flies is sex linked. Sepia eyes and vestigial wings are not sex linked and are examples of independent assortment.
Sex Itself: the Search for Male and Female in the Human Genome In “Sex Itself: the Search for Male and Female in the Human Genome,” Sarah Richardson begins her detailed analysis by considering the discovery of “odd chromosomes” in 1890 and their relation to sex. Concentrating on the experiments and methodology of five critical experimental biologists, Richardson illustrates the development of theories of sex determination. Theories of chromosomal determination of sex prominent at the time speculated about a system of sex determination that was nondeterminate and easily influenced by many variables, similar to the biocultural recognition of human variation in response to environment.
Neutralization Experiment AIM:- To investigate how heat is given out in neutralizing sodium hydroxide (NaOH) using different concentrations of Hydrochloric Acid. Background Information:- Substances that neutralize acids are called alkalis. An acid is a substance that forms hydrogen ions (H+ ) when placed in water. It can also be described as a proton donor as it provides H+ ions. An example of an acid is hydrochloric acid (HCl), Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) etc.