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Advantages and disadvantages of science
What are the advantages and disadvantages of scientific method
Advantages and disadvantages of science
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Basic Scientific Knowledge on the Topic: Before exploring further research into the topic of the goldenrod gallfly Eurosta solidaginis, the current knowledge on the research topic must be explored. The goldenrod gallfly Eurosta solidaginis is a parasite on goldenrod plants (D. Crowe, personal communication, 2013). Very small (approximately five millimeters), the adult flies are very clumsy and are very poor fliers. Adult goldenrod gallflies live for approximately two weeks, making their life all about reproduction. The adult female fly is identified by their ovipositor, which is an egg-laying tube that extends from their body (Abrahamson and Heinrich, 2000). In order to protect their larvae, the adult female flies oviposit the eggs into the stem of the goldenrod plant Solidago altissima. While the females may lay several eggs per goldenrod stem, each plant usually ends up with one surviving larva in one gall. Once born, the fly larvae hatch from their eggs and begin eating the inside of the goldenrod stem. The larvae emit a chemical in their saliva which mimics a plant hormone that causes the plant to grow a gall in which the larvae live (Abrahamson and Heinrich, 2000). The larvae stay in the gall and then make an escape tunnel in the fall which they will utilize in the spring. The gallfly larvae produce a natural anti-freeze chemical in their bodies known as glycerol which helps to keep them alive in the winter by drying out the outside body tissues and allowing it to freeze while keeping the central cells liquid. Once spring does arrive, the larvae transform into a pupa and they finally become a winged adult.
They then escape the gall through their previously dug tunnel and rest for some time. Following this, t...
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..., Department of Zoology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, Available from Journal of Insect Physiology. (46 (2000) 655–661)Retrieved from http://www.units.muohio.edu/cryolab/publications/documents/IrwinLee00.pdf
Levis, N. A., Yi, S. X., & Lee, R. E. (2012). Mild desiccation rapidly increases freeze tolerance of the goldenrod gall fly, eurosta solidaginis: evidence for drought-induced rapid cold-hardening. Manuscript submitted for publication, Available from Journal of Experimental Biology. (215, 3768-3773)Retrieved from http://jeb.biologists.org/content/215/21/3768.full
Wise, M. J., Abrahamson, W. G., & Cole, J. A. (2010).The role of nodding stems in the goldenrod–gall–fly interaction: A test of the “ducking” hypothesis. Manuscript submitted for publication, Available from American Journal of Botany. (0900227)Retrieved from http://www.amjbot.org/content/97/3/525.full
Venus flytrap is a carnivorous plant native in bogs and swamp lands in North and South Carolina. It was discovered in the 1700s and named after the Greek goddess Dione which gave it the scientific name Dionaea. The species name muscipula came from the Latin word “Mus” (mouse) and “Cipula” (trap). Venus flytrap is one of the only two known species of plants that use fast-closing, double-spaced trap mechanism to capture insects.
The Drosophila live a distinct four-staged life cycle that requires approximately two weeks to reach complete maturity2. The stages are known as egg, larval, pupa, and adult. The egg is a small oval shape, and can barely be seen by the unaided eye, they are hatched the day after being laid. In order for the larva to molt and grow in size it consists of three stages: first instar, second instar, and third instar3; during this process the larvae is preparing itself for metamorphosis by shedding body parts and consuming excessive nutrients. Through metamorphosis the immature fruit fly attaches itself to an object and its outer shell hardens, it then begins the transformation process into an adult. Once the process is completed, the adult is then able to begin the sexual reproduction process within forty-eight hours....
The Mountain Pine Beetle adult has the ability to survive anywhere from -11 to -25 degrees Fahrenheit. (MBP Symp 2003) (p.27). It does so by producing a polyhydric alcohol in its blood. (Somme 1964) .The MPB needed this defense, as exposure to cold temperatures was its number one predator. (Safranyik 1978) (p.225). That being said, it has a tremendous adaptation for fighting the cold. This adaptation can only go so far, as the cold temperatures used to prevent the MPB from reaching higher elevations and spreading. This is no longer the case though, as Professor Ken Raffa (2012) explains “Warming temperatures have allowed tre...
As useful as their tongue is for collecting nectar it is useless in capturing insects hidden inside flowers, even though insects do provide most of the protein...
We are testing the metabolic rate of a cricket and (Blaptica dubia) cockroach under physical stress, cold, heat, and lethal heat.
waking lion finally crawled to them and Temas was shaking. The lion looks at Temas, when
Devil's Snare, a crushing plant. After getting past the first and second task, they came to a
Richard Wilbur's recent poem 'Mayflies' reminds us that the American Romantic tradition that Robert Frost most famously brought into the 20th century has made it safely into the 21st. Like many of Frost's short lyric poems, 'Mayflies' describes one person's encounter with an ordinary but easily overlooked piece of nature'in this case, a cloud of mayflies spotted in a 'sombre forest'(l.1) rising over 'unseen pools'(l.2),'made surprisingly attractive and meaningful by the speaker's special scrutiny of it. The ultimate attraction of Wilbur's mayflies would appear to be the meaning he finds in them. This seems to be an unremittingly positive poem, even as it glimpses the dark subjects of human isolation and mortality, perhaps especially as it glimpses these subjects. In this way the poem may recall that most persistent criticism of Wilbur's work, that it is too optimistic, too safe. The poet-critic Randall Jarrell, though an early admirer of Wilbur, once wrote that 'he obsessively sees, and shows, the bright underside of every dark thing'?something Frost was never accused of (Jarrell 332). Yet, when we examine the poem closely, and in particular the series of comparisons by which Wilbur elevates his mayflies into the realm of beauty and truth, the poem concedes something less ?bright? or felicitous about what it finally calls its 'joyful . . . task' of poetic perception and representation (l.23).
Insects are the most diverse group of organisms on the planet. They occupy most of the habitat in the world. Insects have served as a model group of organisms for tackling many biological queries. Butterflies (Class: Insecta; Order: Lepidoptera) have been used as a model for studies on ecology, development and population dynamics. Most of the species are highly seasonal and some have very restricted habitats. Butterflies are good indicators of climate and help us understand fluctuations in seasonal changes. They require specific ecological conditions for their growth and development. Monitoring butterflies helps us understand the overall diversity of a habitat as they are directly dependent on other factors such as availability of host plants and nectar plants. They also play a very significant role in
The extended life of an adult fruit fly is based on the temperature of its environment; for example at a 54°F the fruit fly’s life is averaged between 40 to 50 days (Ashburner, 2012). Female fruit flies are capable of mating and laying numerous sets of eggs which permits the fruit fly population to quickly multiply. The fruit fly’s life cycle starts soon as the female lays her eggs. The eggs then take about a day to hatch into the next stage, the larva (Shanholtzer, 2012). Once the larva molts and goes through the first, second and third instar, it hatches into the pupa which takes six days to reach the adult stage (Shanholtzer, 2012).
Madagascar hissing cockroaches (Gromphadorhina portentosa), ectotherms that were easily observable and subjectable to habituation, were used to compare differences in standard metabolic rates between organisms. The hypothesis is that the habituated G. portentosa will have a lower weight specific metabolic rate than the non-habituated G. portentosa. To measure metabolic rates of habituated and non-habituated cockroaches that were either male or female, the cockroaches were put into a flow meter apparatus that calculated the amounts of CO2 they gave off during respiration. The mean weight specific metabolic rate for the habituated males was 2.00 x 10-3 +- 1.08 x 10-3 (ml x CO2)/(g x min) and for the non-habituated males the mean was 2.40
middle of paper ... ... World Book Inc, 2000. Davis, Lloyd S. and John T Darby. Penguin Biology. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc., 1990.
Young, B. (1981). "Cold stress as it affects animal production." Journal of Animal Science 52(1): 154.
Beetles are also known as the most successful insects as they have a pair of forewings with hard elytra that function to protect the hind wings when not in use (Hill & Abang, 2010). Besides, the hard wings also allow the beetles to hide into an enclosed place and cryptic habitats in order to escape from the predators (Hill & Abang, 2010). A thick and hard exoskeleton plates had protected their body very well.
Clements, A., N. (1992). The biology of mosquito: Development, nutrition and reproduction. London, UK: Chapman and Hall.