Flag of convenience (FOC) can be defined as a business practice under which a vessel's owners register their vessel in a vessel register of a country that they do not necessarily belong to, and the vessel sails the civil flag of that country, which called the flag state. This practice especially used since 1950s and is mentioned to the flag that a vessel flies in the practice to show its registration from its particular country. This country of registration will select the regulation under which this vessel is required to operate, and that to the only applied in that related admiralty case ( HG.org, 2018). In 2009, over half of the world’s merchant vessels were registered with open registries, with Panama, Liberia, and Marshall Islands flags, …show more content…
It is related to the manning costs where flagging out rules allow various stages of freedom to be attained from the restrictions of Union agreements and national manning regulations. Vessel owners who use flags of convenience can save expenses especially on the crew salaries and the maintenance fees. Flags of convenience do not have any restrictions on the nationality of the crew members and are not required to minimum wage scales. Since the crew cost is one of the most crucial aspects of the vessel’s OPEX (operational expenses), through having no restrictions, the vessel owner can employ the most inexpensive crew (Mitroussi & Marlow, 2015). For instance, the Philippines and the People's Republic of China supply a huge percent of maritime labour generally, and main flags of convenience particularly. In 2009, the flag-states, Panama, the Bahamas, Liberia and the Marshall Islands employed the maximum amount of expatriate-Filipino seafarers with more than 150,000 Filipino sailors. According to a study issued by United States Maritime Administration (MARAD) in 2006, sailors from China covered almost 40% of the crews on measured vessels sailing the Panamanian flag, and about 10% of those sailing with the Liberian flag. The MARAD study considered that both China and the Philippines are low cost crew sources (Morfotiko , 2015). Furthermore, the flags of convenience offers looser operating rules and more relaxed safety criteria than the closed registries, which successively outcomes lower costs on maintenance and repairs. A comparison between US-based vessel-owners that registered their ships below the US flag and US-based vessel-owners that registered their vessels blew a flag of convenience presented that the average crew expense for the US-flagged ships was around $13,600 a day whereas the average expense
For more than 200 years, the American flag has been a big part of the United States. Betsy Ross had been the first, reportedly, to make the American flag. It originally had thirteen stars, representing the first thirteen colonies, but later it ended up with fifty to represent the states in the Union. It is a symbol of our
The colors red, white and blue did not have any real significance in America until their rights for freedom and territory were challenged. "The American flag played no significant role in American life until the Civil War, during the fight at Fort Sumter" (Goldstein 1). Then, to all northerners it became a symbol of pride and an object of "public adoration" (1). The flag was held in such high esteem that the Flag Protection Movement was created in 1890 so that there would be no commercialism of the object(2). The FPM felt as though politicians and merchants were "prostituting" the flag so, in 1900 they joined with the American Flag Association and made a set...
A flag symbolizes one’s country; The Canadian flag separates us as a country, but still unites us as a diverse nation. It is the way we lift up and cheer on our favourite sport team, to wearing the flag on our backpacks worldwide (Levine, 2014). Ever since it has been signed off, there hasn’t been a debate in over 50 years to evaluate change or reform the configuration of the Canadian flag.
The average yearly wage in the U.S.A. is around $50,500 which as shown above is anywhere from $4,500 to $144,500 below what the crewmembers of a ship make in near half the time which was shown in a fairly recent census (How much do Americans earn?, par. 11). The benefits of these jobs can include meals, dental, disability, and paid leave (Maritime Salaries and Benefits, par. 2). These perks that come with the jobs certainly show that the pros definitely outweigh the cons of these
...g in Action and then presumed dead. The troops paid the ultimate sacrifice while serving their country. Every one of their names deserves to be placed on the wall. The United States Maritime Service Veterans (USMSV) is an organization that was formed to inform the U.S. Government and the public about the United States Maritime Service. The USMSV strives to gain recognition for all of the men who served their country during wartime and national emergencies. The massive impact that the Merchant Marines had on the United States Navy during World War II and the Vietnam War is considered to be one of the largest impacts that the in Naval History. They Merchant Marines were undoubtedly the largest make up of the shipping throughout these two wars. The U.S. wartime merchant fleet was one of the largest contributions made by any nation to the ultimate winning of World War II.
Introduction and Research Process: The mid-fourteenth century Black Death created panic and fear in Western Europe, causing the population to react violently. The primary document, Flagellants Attempts to Ward Off the Black Death, 1349, discusses a witness’s account of the flagellant movements that spread through Western Europe as a result of the Black Death. The flagellant movements were confraternities of men and sometimes women that came together in procession in order to repent their sins through flagellation or self-penance. Many of the flagellant movements became heretical and exemplified violence as the confraternities led the persecution of the Jews. This paper will analyze the interpretations historians have regarding the severity of the flagellant movements and persecution of the Jews during the Black Death in order to determine if the violent movements were justifiable.
The United States Flag is the third oldest of the National Standards of the world; older than the Union Jack of Britain or the Tricolor of France.
The very first flag for the United States to have was the Grand Union Flag, in the years 1775-1777. The design of this flag was thirteen red and white stripes, with the red cross of St. Georgia, England along with the white cross of St. Andrew, Scotland in a blue field. The final split between the between the colonies and Great Britain brought the removal of the British Union from our flag. Shortly after came the stars on a blue field. By June 14, 1777 the Flag Resolution was passed, which is now known as Flag Day. Which basically said that the United States flag had to have thirteen stripes being red and white; that the union have 13 stars that are white with a blue field. Then, came Francis Hopkinsons design of the United States Flag. Which was thirteen, six pointed stars arranged in rows with the thirteen red and white stripes. But, we can not forget the so called Betsy Ross version of our flag. Which was thirteen, five pointed stars arranged in a circle with the thirteen red and white stripes.
First I would like to include some information about our american flag and how it came about. In the British colonies of North America before the Revolution, each of the 13 colonies had its flag. On Jan. 2, 1776, the first flag of the United States was raised at Cambridge, Mass., by George Washington. Known as the Grand Union flag, it consisted of 13 stripes, alternate red and white, with a blue canton bearing the crosses of St. George and St. Andrew. Congress, on June 14, 1777, enacted a resolution “that the Flag of the United States be 13 stripes alternate red and white, that the Union be 13 stars white in a blue field representing a new constellation.” On Jan. 13, 1794, Vermont and Kentucky having been admitted to the Union, Congress added a stripe and a star for each state. Congress in 1818 enacted that the 13 stripes, denoting the 13 original colonies, be restored and a star added to the blue canton for each state after its admission to the Union. All of the states and territories of the United States also have their own flags. Betsy Ross created the first flag. Betsy would often tell her children, grandchildren, relatives, and friends of the fateful day when three members of a secret committee from the Continental Congress came to call upon her. Those representatives, George Washington, Robert Morris, and George Ross, asked her to sew the first flag. This meeting occurred in her home some time late in May 1776. George Washington was then the head of the Continen...
When we look at our flag, we, as Georgians, see a reflection or ourselves; we hold our beliefs, our heritage, our ancestor's struggles, and our memories in our flag. In the former Georgia flag, one cannot see these things. I believe the former Georgia flag was justly removed because it was a symbol of racism and bigotry, it was the result of an act of defiance, and because the state has history other than that of its Confederate participation.
What is the American flag and what does it represent? For many Americans the flag represents freedom, pride, and justice. Our flag stands for freedom because of the many lives that had to be lost throughout history for us to be the nation we are today. The American flag stands for pride because of the many American soldiers men and women who lost their lives for us. Lastly, our flag stands for justice because in the United States no matter what crime we do we have the right to a fair trial.
The American flag is a cherished and respected symbol of our country. And because it is so honored, it had a lot of rules and regulations that even though they don't have consequences, should be respected and followed. Some really important rules and flag care are: The flag should never be dipped to any person or thing, unless it is the ensign responding to a salute from a ship of a foreign nation. The flag should never be displayed with the starred blue union in the Canton down, except as a signal of distress in instances of extreme danger to life or property. The flag should not be used as clothing, covering a speaker's desk, draping a platform, or for any decoration except that a flag patch may be used on the uniform of military personnel, firefighters, police officers, and members of patriotic organizations. The flag should never be used for any advertising purpose or anything intended to be discarded after temporary use. Advertising signs should not be attached to the staff. The flag should never have any mark, insignia, letter, word, number, figure, or drawing of any kind placed on or attached to it. The flag should never be stepped on. In a parade, the flag should not be draped over the hood, top, sides, or back of a vehicle, railroad train, or boat. When the flag is displayed on a motorcar, the staff shall be fixed firmly to the chassis or clamped to the right fender. When the flag is lowered, no part of it should touch the ground or any other object; it should be received by waiting hands and arms and should be stored folded neatly and ceremoniously. If the flag is being used at a public or private estate, it should not be hung (unless at half-staff or when an all-weather flag is displayed) during rain or violent weather...
The 20th century comes with many inventions that benefit the human way of living. Alaska and Hawaii were the two last states to enter into America. The addition of these two states brings on the most recent and improved American flag. Our nation’s flag is based on our 50 states.
"The soldier is the Army. No army is better than its soldiers. The Soldier is also a citizen. In fact, the highest obligation and privilege of citizenship is that of bearing arms for one’s country” (-General George S. Patton Jr). Here within our borders we are the lucky ones, we have been blessed with the pleasure of so many brave men and women; to volunteer in the world's greatest military; and put their lives on the line for something that they believe is a moral obligation. But, think of some other countries, that have conscription (the practice of ordering people by law to serve in the armed forces) laws. We as a nation have some laws on conscription, and if you are male and above the age of 18 you have already signed the slip of paper stating that in the time of war; if our great nation re-instated the draft then there is a great chance you will be serving on the frontline of the next Great War. This brings me to my first topic of this page, is it ethical to have a draft? My second topic that I will discuss will be on if it is morally acceptable to "draft dodge". What I mean on the second topic is if you have a right; that morally allows you to not go fight in the war.
Helmreich, R. L., Merritt, A. C. and Wilhelm J.A. (1999). The Evolution of Crew Resource