Wheat and barley are two commonly grown crops around the world that can cause a significant impact on the economy when losses occur. Fusarium head blight (FHB), also known as scab, is a fungal disease of wheat and barley that results in yield loss and a mark down in grain price, due to toxins released in the grain, not only in North America but around the world triggering consequences to the economy (11,5,7,20). Plant Pathologists in England first made reports of FHB in 1884 as a threat to wheat and barley (2, 20). Recent epidemics of the disease have occurred in Asia, Europe, North America, and South America making this disease a global concern. The worldwide epidemics have resulted in the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) to declare FHB playing a major role in limiting wheat production around the world (2,7,9). Due to the impact of FHB on food production and the economy many countries worldwide have taken an interest in studying this disease.
The United States started documenting Fusarium head blight epidemics as early as 1917, finding widespread reports of FHB throughout the country. Areas that typically reported FHB epidemics usually occurred in small grain production areas where May and June were cool and wet (9,20). The most recent outbreaks of FHB on wheat and barley in the United States occurred between 1991 and 1997 causing an estimated $1.3 billion in losses (6,5,2,7,9). The heavy losses due to FHB in the United States led to the establishment of the United States Wheat and Barley Scab Initiative (USWBSI), an organization that is federally funded to research FHB whose goal is “to develop, as quickly as possible, effective control measures that minimize the threat of Fusarium head blight (scab),...
... middle of paper ...
...r Valley region consisting of North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota and Manitoba (7,9,20). The Red River Valley region produces red spring wheat, durum wheat, and spring barley, all which are susceptible to FHB, because of the typically cool and relatively dry climate. Spring grains are still in the leaf development stage in June, which traditionally has the most rainfall, helping ward off infection of FHB which occurs with high moisture and temperature at the flowering stage of the plant. July is typically the warmest month in this region and in 1993 the highest rainfall accumulation was in July, which coincides with the flower stage of the spring grains (9, 3, 20). The epidemic continued in the Red River Valley region after 1993 because of inoculum build up in the soil and rainfall being above average in June and July contributing to period of “wet cycles” (7,20).
“Plague Fact Sheet.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Department of Health and Human Services. 30 March, 2005. 26 July, 2006. .
Throughout the story the author uses a variety of symbolism in The Great Gatsby to help develop the theme of immorality in the story. Multiple colors are used to symbolize aspects of immorality in the wealthy population at the time of The Great Gatsby. These symbols are especially present in the character Jay Gatsby throughout the story. The color green, representing needs and wants, is found multiple times in the story. Another color that helps develop the theme is white; this color represents false purity in a person or thing. Finally, corruption is usually a significant aspect of immorality especially in a wealthy setting, and under grave circumstances it can even lead to death. This segment of immorality is portrayed in the story using the color yellow. These symbols help develop the characteristics found in Jay Gatsby and also help support the theme of immorality as the book progresses.
Valley fever is a fungal pathogen. Coccidioidomycosis is valley fever’s scientific name. The pathogen’s structure is a spore. Valley fever is caused by Coccidioides immitis. Coccidioides immitis is a fungus that grows in soil. Valley fever is most commonly found in areas with little precipitation. This pathogen is most commonly found in the southern United States, Central America, and South America. However, scientists are worried that increased temperatures may cause valley fever to spread and affect new areas.
Both 1984 and The Handmaid’s Tale are dystopian novels, however, these books are a lot more complex than mere portrayals of dystopia, it can be argued that they are explorations of dystopia rather than mere portrayals. In order to explore dystopia, many themes must be considered, such as; feminism, love and repression. Nonetheless, it is apparent that human characteristics are the driving point of the two novels, predominantly, the depiction of human resilience. In an imperfect world, it is important to have certain qualities which, if plentiful, it can mean success, whereas if it lacks, it can mean failure, this characteristic is resilience. The protagonists in each novel, Winston in 1984 and Offred in The Handmaid’s Tale face situations which leave them both in disarray, and both even consider suicide. The authors tentatively highlight human resilience, its limits and most importantly its strengths into the two novels.
Schumann, Gail L., and Cleora J. D'Arcy. Hungry Planet: Stories of Plant Diseases. St. Paul: American Phytopathological Society, 2012. Print.
the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenicide Act that had been a burden to both growers and
The potato famine of 1846 was one of the biggest natural disasters in Irish history. The “explosive disease” said William Fry, Ph.D., caused by Phytophtera infestans, is a condition that prevents growth and destroys the plant by disease. P. infestans is a fungus-like pathogen that infects and destroys the leaves, stems, potato seed and the potato itself, turning it black and slimy (Craig, 1998). The first signs of blight are when leaves get brown specks on them that start to get white, hairy growth around them (Damsker, n.d.). In addition, leaves and stems withered very quickly. This if followed by a terrible smell. It spreads as a spore and grows rapidly in moist, warm and humid conditions. Today, the blight disease still affects potato crops. However, an application of the plant fungicide, metalaxyl, or copper sulfate mixtures and pesticide will prevent and eliminate or, at least, decrease the possibility of its appearance (Daly, 1996). In fact, according to Gibbon’s article in 2013, the pathogen and its host of dried leaves ar...
“‘They score! Henderson has scored for Canada!’” Foster Hewitt wordlessly described” (Pelletier) when Paul Henderson scored the series-winning goal. This allowed Canada to win the 1972 Summit Series, a moment that no one would ever forget since it all happened during the climax of the Cold War. Prior to this, the Soviets had won the previous three Olympic gold metals since Canada could not use its NHL players. Thus, this provided Canada with the chance to play hockey against the USSR using its best players. This raised the question: if Canada were able to send its best players, would it still be enough to beat the Soviets? Everyone in Canada was certain that the Soviets would not win a single game, but little did they know they underestimated the extent of the Soviets abilities. Tied in the last few minutes of game eight, Canada had to score or they would lose the series. However, when Paul Henderson scored the game-winning goal, never before had a single sporting event meant so much to Canadians. Therefore, Paul Henderson’s goal is a defining moment for Canada in the twentieth century becauseit provided Canada with the opportunity to evolve hockey, proved that Canada and our democratic society were superior to the USSR and their communist society, and brought citizens together to unify Canada as a nation.
Valley fever is transmitted when bacteria in the soil become airborne and are inhaled. California residents must understand the harmful effects of air pollution and make better choices when using energy or transportation. The drought conditions are worsening, but communities and individuals can work together to help improve the air quality. References California drought and air quality Santa Barbara County air pollution control district. (2015).
"Risks and Concerns" Center for Life Sciences and Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences Colorado State University Par. 12; August 19, 2002
Social media has impacted many of our lives for the better. It's easy to see that along with time we continue to discover new advancements in technology. Along with that we begin to notice our lives becoming surrounded by technology features like social media. Social media offers many desired attributes, and serves as an easy form of communication. Although social media has many benefits to our daily lives it influences many attributes of our life. Social media is constantly influencing our language. Social media serves as a great source of new information and trends, and without our awareness we begin to change ourselves to conform to the vast world of social media. Social media opens up a whole world of slang and shortened terms that prior
Some people use social media to communicate and keep in touch with friends and family. Other uses of social media may be dating, meeting new people, finding jobs, or even keeping up to date with world news. There are also those who use social media for other purposes such as bullying, sometimes unintentional and other times on purpose.Bullying is nothing new because bullying can occur everywhere, you hear about bullying more often nowadays because it is happening in more places than ever.Before social media became popular children were often bullied at school or in the neighborhood at home. Today with the increased use of the internet and social media children are now being bullied anywhere at anytime. The Bullying epidemic has become a global problem all around the world and must be stopped if children are to live a normal life and develop into law abiding citizens. Due to the diverse social media websites people have access to other people 's social life and private life as well, thus allowing them to be targets of comments that can be hurtful. social media opens the door to cyber bulling and teen girls may comment things that are hateful and cause rumours. Females bullies are usually associated with these types behaviors.Females use social media to spread rumours about their victims. Females can use social media to do
SOCIAL MEDIA: HOW HAS SOCIAL MEDIA IN MOBILE PHONES CHANGED OUR SOCIETY? Discussion of research problems and motivation for study substantiated by ample reference to literature. Mobile phones have become a staple of our society, with everyone from school kids to senior citizens owning at least one. Although mobile applications and texting have made our lives easier, the same questions the impact they have had on the relationships we have with one another (Laura Jerpi, 2014).
With the elevation of the digital age and the surge of social media, social networks have exploded. With the growth of the Internet, a large number of social media networks used for communication have emerged. There is no doubt that social media is the new phenomenon and have drastically changed our global and local communications. Social networking sites which are synonymous with the term “social media” is defined as “web-based services that allow individual to (1) construct variations of a public or private profile with a system, (2) articulate a list of users with whom they are connected, and (3) view and crisscross their list with their shared users (Lasora, Lewis, & Holton, 2011).
Social networking sites like Facebook can have both negative and positive effects. Facebook can leave us feeling like we are not good enough if we don’t have enough likes on our pictures or if we do not have a certain amount of friends. While on the other hand it can make us feel empowered and worthy when we have a significant amount of likes on our picture and thousands of friends on Facebook. The following two articles argue whether or not social networking sites like Facebook, have a negative or positive effect on one’s overall well-being. As the old saying goes, there are always two sides to everything.