Physiological and Psychological responses to injury
In this report I will be describing and explaining the physiological and psychological responses to injury. If you injure yourself while playing sport the injury is a sports injury. They can occur from a complete accident, or some can result from poor equipment or insufficient training. You can also get a sports injury if you don’t warm up or stretch enough before exercise or playing sport.
Physiological Responses
Damaged tissue
Primary damage responses to injury
When you sustain a sports injury, inflammation begins almost immediately. It is the body’s attempt to eliminate harm and to begin the healing process. The body is trying to dispose of the dead tissue and trying to promote the renewal of new, healthy tissue.
There are 5 main primary signs
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Our body has little pieces of blood cells called platelets that will begin to gather at the site of the injury and begin the clotting process. These platelets will form a plug-like structure that will close over the opening in the blood vessel and stop the bleeding. See figure 2. Clotting is also known as coagulation. It begins almost instantly after a blood vessel is injured/damaged. In coagulation blood changes from its natural liquid form to a gel-like form therefore resulting in haemostasis.
What is Haemostasis? Haemostasis is the cessation of blood from leaving a damaged/injured blood vessel, and then followed by repair.
There are three stages of coagulation:
1) The formation of Prothrombinase. When liquid blood comes into contact with certain molecules the formation of an enzyme called Prothrombinase is stimulated.
2) Prothrombinase converts prothrombin (a plasma protein which is created within the liver) into another enzyme called Thrombin.
3) Thrombin converts Fibrinogen is converted into Fibrin which forms the scaffolding-like structures that forms a clot and eventually a
Margination and adhesion to the endothelium, in which accumulation of leukocytes occurs along the endothelial wall for adhesion. Afterward, these adhesions cause the separation of endothelial cells, allowing the leukocytes to extend and Transmigrate through the vessel walls. Followed by the response of chemical mediators(chemotaxis) that influence cell migration via an energy directed process which triggers the activation of Phagocytosis, in which monocytes, neutrophils, and tissue macrophages are activated to engulf and degrade cellular debris and
Haemolytic colonies were classified by a white ring around the patched colony, indicating that haemolysis of the blood agar occurred. Conversely, non-haemolytic colonies were classified by a lack of a white ring, which indicated that no haemolysis took place.
Protection- The cardiovascular system protects the body through its white blood cells. Platelets and red blood cells form scabs to seal wounds and prevent pathogens from entering the body and liquids from leaking out.
Inflammation is the reaction of the body's tissue to an injury, fundamental in the innate and adaptive response. Signs of inflammation are characterised as rubor, dolor, tumor and calor, meaning redness, pain, swelling and heat respectively. The benefits of inflammation outweighs the adverse effects and is important for survival although too much inflammation might cause harm, like sepsis or septic shock[4].
When the blood stops being pumped, gravity makes it settle and it changes the color of the skin where it pools, making it purple-red. This is known as livor mortis or hypostasis. [2]
Walker, N., Thatcher, J., & Lavallee, D. (2007). Psychological responses to injury in competitive sport: a critical review. The Journal of The Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, 174-180.
...-1 (PAI-1) from the endothelial cells and monocytes, activating the extrinsic coagulation pathway. This also leads to activation of factor X and fibrin production.
For someone with Hemophilia, a bleeding disorder, this process does not work as it should. In a person with Hemophilia, the eighth or ninth protein in the clotting cascade is either missing or at very low levels in the
The emotional pain comes later for the athlete who has been injured during play. This pain is realized when the athlete is soaking and icing, their dislocated joints, bones and torn muscles. After a while, distress sets in as they consider the prospect of lost participation in their sport, says sports psychologist Albert Petitpas, Ed.D, of Springfield College, an expert on rehabilitating injured athletes. "They become anxious or confused, wondering whether they can ever play again and what they would do if they could not. Serious clinical problems, such as depression, alcoholism, and suicidal tendencies, may ensue", says Petitpas (p.1, APA Monitor) . His research suggests that 5 to 13 percent of injured athletes who develop clinical distress, are those who most identified strongly with the sport and who o...
Bleeding is the loss of blood from the body and can be either internal or external. Internal bleeding occurs when blood is leaking inside the body from vessels or organs. External bleeding occurs when blood is flowing outside of the body through a cut or natural opening such as the skin, mouth, nose, etc. Internal bleeding can occur due to blunt trauma or penetrating trauma. Blunt trauma occurs when your body hits something at a high speed, but the object does not break through the skin.
Researchers are currently studying new ways to deal with antibodies to clotting factors. Moreover people may develop viral infections from the clotting factors as they may carry viruses that cause HIV/AIDS and hepatitis. However there is minimal risk to getting an infectious disease due to careful screening of blood donors, testing of donated blood products, treating donated blood products with a detergent and heat to destroy viruses, and vaccinating people
an enzyme is used to speed up the process in the equation above. In my
The second and more serious type of bleeding is venous bleeding, which transpires when a vein has been severed and blood flows steadily. Most veins collapse when cut, which aids in controlling this type of external bleeding until medical attention can be received.
In many cases, learning about one’s injury can be extremely helpful in knowing what to expect during the rehabilitation process. When an injury occurs, ask the trainer, doctor, or therapist questions to educate one’s self about how to prepare for what is to come during rehabilitation. Coping with emotional stress during a sports injury is the best way to heal more quickly. By having a positive attitude, the patient will not get discouraged during rehab when they discover they are not as strong as they used to be prior to the injury. Also being aware of the rehab process can assist the injured with setting goals for recovery and reaching each milestone can be very motivational.
I will be investigating Human Blood as my specific tissue and giving an overview on the location, characteristics, and the benefits it has to the human body. Blood is extracellular matrix that is consists of plasma, red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells. Blood is located within the capillaries/veins/arteries of the human body, which are blood vessels that run through the entire body. These blood vessels allow the blood to flow smoothly and quickly from the heart to distinct parts of the human body. The unique parts of human blood all work together for a purpose: the Red Blood Cells(erythrocytes) transports oxygen throughout the body, White Blood Cells(leukocytes) play a part in the bodies immune system, Platelets(thrombocytes) assist in creating scabs,