According to Erikson, children whose previous experiences have been positive enter middle childhood prepared to redirect their energies toward realistic accomplishment (Berk, 2014). In middle childhood, children are innately driven to master skills and tasks. This drive, in combination with adult expectations, maps out the psychological conflict of industry versus inferiority. There are four main parts to this theory but the overall message is that as a child grows, their sense of self is based on the way social interaction affect specific areas of development in stage four, industry vs. inferiority, of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development stage theory. The first area focuses on self-concept. This is the mental impression children …show more content…
At this stage children may begin to believe that familial love and acceptance is earned and is not unconditional (Berk, 2014). I unfortunately believe there is a level of maturity I feel my sister never reached before having her first daughter, Itzel. Perhaps this relates back to the conventional stage of Lawrence Kohlberg’s stages of moral development. That is a stage where many adults and adolescents judge actions based on society’s views and expectations instead of realizing that individuals are separate entities of society making it difficult for those individuals to get outside of themselves (Green and Piel 2010). In connection with that, Luba has an authoritatian style to parenting that hasn’t seemed to yield very positive results for …show more content…
Children subjected to such parenting need constant reassurance, and may rely heavily on peers to affirm their self-worth—a risk factor for adjustment difficulties, including aggression and antisocial behavior (Donnellan et al., 2005). I am witness to how my sister’s harsh and insensitive parenting has led to a destructive sense of shame and extremely low self-esteem within Itzel. Our parents have tried to counteract this by explicitly contradicting my sister’s parenting style but at times it produces a more challenging environment for her to navigate. Because of this, I don’t believe Itzel has acquired a healthy state of emotional self-efficacy, where she feels in control of her emotional experiences and can express them in a healthy way. For a long time she has had difficulty understanding how her emotions impact her thoughts and behaviors and has, thus, reacted impulsively to trying situations. Through various talks with myself, my mother, and the counselor she was seeing for a while, Itzel is slowly acknowledging the consequences of her actions and is beginning to acquire
Eric Erikson developed eight different psychosocial stages which emphasize the lifespan development during the major periods in life. The first psychosocial stage is infancy and it embraces the age of birth to one year old. The infancy crisis is trust versus mistrust which emphasizes that if children are taken care of; they will be able to gain confidence as well as trust. In the other hand, if they developed mistrust they will develop a sense of insecurity. Erickson’s second stage is toddlerhood which embraces the ages of one to three and deals with the stage crisis of autonomy versus shame and doubt. In the toddlerhood stage, toddlers are able to use mental skills and are able to start deciding for themselves. The third stage is early childhood, and it embraces the ages of three to six with the stage crisis of initiative versus guilt. During the early childhood stage children are able to gain the characteristics of ambition and responsibility and it is developed through the parent’s support. On the other hand if parents are too demanding children will develop guilt. The next stage is middle adulthood which ranges in the ages of six to eleven; children are able to develop the characteristic cooperation but, inferiority can also arise with negative experiences which can cause a stage crisis of industry versus i...
For the childhood and elder age group, there are several stage theories that describe what life is generally like at these time periods. Two famous psychologists that contributed to theories about aging stages were Lawrence Kolhberg and Erik Erikson. Kohlberg was responsible for the development “ladder” of moral thinking throughout the ages (Myers 168). Children were expected to have a preconventional morality, meaning that they have a morality based on self-interest. Elders were expected to have a postconventional morality, which would mean having consideration for ethics and using reasoning and logic.
People change over time, and no past history sets the future in stone. Developmentalists divide life into different segments based on age known as growth stages (Berger, 2009). Each stage affects the others causing development at every stage to build upon the other (Berger, 2009). Development does not follow a straight line, it instead moves up and down, back and forth, and it moves at different speeds (Berger, 2009). Although there are several theories of development, and it would be remiss to subscribe to only one; however for the purpose of this paper, I will focus on Erik Erikson’s Theory of Initiative versus Guilt; Industry versus Inferiority; and Identity versus Role Confusion. I also prefer to take an eclectic approach in the application of counseling theories and techniques; however for the purpose of this paper I will utilize three different therapies for each stage of development.
Erik Erikson developed the psychosocial theory, and “he describes our social experiences during our whole life span using eight different stages” (Cherry 2015). The first four stages are “trust vs. mistrust; which describes how the child needs to be able to trust their adult figures, autonomy vs. shame and doubt; which is about person control, initiative vs. guilt; which is about children learning to lead others, industry vs. inferiority; which is about gaining a sense of pride in things” (Cherry 2015). The final four stages are “identity vs. confusion; which begins the sense of self, intimacy vs. isolation; which explores personal relationships, generativity vs. stagnation; which focuses on career and family, and the final stage being integrity vs. despair; which describes reflecting back on life” (Cherry
Erik Erikson developed eight psychosocial stages that occur through life. These stages help parents of younger children understand what the child is thinking and why they are acting the way that they do. For a person to become a well-rounded adult they need to succeed in each level. This essay will discuss the first six stages into young adulthood.
“The inner stage seems all set for ‘entrance into life,’ except that life must first be school life, whether school is field or jungle or classroom” (Erikson, 1985). Erik Erikson’s research focused on psychosocial stages, and in this paper, I will focus on the fourth stage called Industry vs. Inferiority; also known as the competence or school age stage. This essay will outline Erik Erikson’s fourth stage as well as give a fieldwork example of this theory in use. Through Erik Erikson’s research he greatly believed that people develop through establishing trust and an identity within society.
Stage 4 of Erickson's theory of personality development lasts from age 6 to the beginning of adolescence. The main theme of this stage is industry versus inferiority. Here is where the child learns to function ...
Lawrence Kohlberg conducted research on the moral development of children. He wanted to understand how they develop a sense of right or wrong and how justice is served. Kohlberg used surveys in which he included moral dilemmas where he asked the subjects to evaluate a moral conflict. Through his studies, Kohlberg observed that moral growth and development precedes through stages such as those of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development. He theorized that moral growth begins at the beginning of life and continues until the day one dies. He believed that people proceed through each stage of moral development consecutively without skipping or going back to a previous stage. The stages of thought processing, implying qualitatively different modes of thinking and of problem solving are included in the three levels of pre-conventional, conventional and post conventional development. (2)
This web page is about Lawrence Kohlberg and his Theory of Moral Development. It gives the definition of morality, a biography of Kohlberg, the levels of Kohlberg's theory, and the pro's and con's to his theory.
Erikson stated that the development of children between 5 to 12 years old mostly happen in school and they are using social interaction frequently. School is the place to train children to adapt to society and master their knowledge and skills which is necessary for life in the future. So children in this stage are trying their best to strengthen their muscle, sensory and physical skills in order to overcome all the challenges form the society. Children in this stage realise that they need to have some result in this society, they work very hard to get the distinction in their result, but they are also worry that they will fail. In this stage, if they get encourage for their hardworking, specially from parent, teacher, peers or neighbour, they will feel industrious, competence and belief in their skills. If they get too much negative feedback, they start to feel inferior and lose
The moral development of children can depend on many factors. Parenting and upbringing of the child, their environment, social environment, gender, and race are all aspects that can contribute to how a child develops their moral standards and expectations. Many psychologist have tried for several years to develop a theory to how morality is developed. One in particular is Lawrence Kohlberg (1958), his moral development theory is based on the cognitive development of children and it is thought that moral development proceeds and changes as cognitive development occurs (Arnett, 2012). Kohlberg’s moral development theory consist of 3 different levels each containing 2 stages altogether making 6 stages of moral development, as Kohlberg conducted
Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development are an imperative part of human development. “Each stage confronts a person with new developmental tasks that must be mastered for optimal development” (Coon & Mitterer, 2010 p. 106). The psychosocial theory provides an overview of the significant psychological challenges we face in life. Having knowledge about the different stages will give you a view how human development works.
Mark Twain once said, “Always do what is right. It will gratify half of mankind and astound the other.” Is there a solidified definition of what is right though? We enforce rules and laws, but that doesn’t mean they’re always fair or ethical. Our morals decide what we believe is just. We can judge the morals of people and even fictional characters using what is known as “Kohlberg’s theory of moral development.” This theory rates morals on a scale from 0-6 starting at stage 0 where those who are amoral stand. The scale is complete at the highest level of morality during stage 6 where those with ethical principle are placed. If I were to place myself on this scale I would be midway through the stages at stage three, “Interpersonal Concordance.” This stage falls at the beginning of what Kohlberg describes as “Conventional Moral Development.” There are three characteristics Kohlberg lists that solidify my choice of placing myself on stage three. One of these states that having the approval of others and pleasing a certain group of people have become important to you. The second states that you are able to not be biased or judging of the situation someone is in and you can put yourself in their shoes or mindset to better understand. The last trait of someone in this stage would be having the ability to know when someone means well and they are just unable to show that to you with either their words or actions.
Erikson's stages of psychosocial development. (2011, September 1). Retrieved September 4, 2011, from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erikson's_stages_of_psychosocial_development
Self-concept in middle childhood also becomes more dependent on others, especially in their peer group. They begin to compare themselves and their talents to others, an action called social comparison. Social comparison can, ideally, help a child value themselves in a way that is realistic and leaves behind their overly unrealistic se...