In the field of Endocrinology, it is known type 1 diabetes is a result of beta cells in the pancreas that produce the insulin, are attacked by the immune system. This is the reason that type 1 diabetes is known as an autoimmune disease. The insulin produced by the beta cells help to lower glucose levels in the blood. In this research that we will be doing in the lab, we will be studying the Estrogen receptor alpha and how that affects beta cells when, programmed cell death (apoptosis) occurs, which causes beta cell numbers to drop. Estrogen is linked to beta cells since it has been shown in premenopausal women to diminish the incidence of diabetes and even in baboons, estrogen has helped in regulating beta cell function (Liu & Mauvais-Jarvis, …show more content…
By analyzing the effects of the Estrogen receptor alpha on beta cells in regulating metabolic syndromes such as insulin action in tissue-specific ERa knockout mice, our lab will be achieving the goal of my lab. We are doing this by observing if Estrogen receptor alpha knockout causes insulin resistance or if it guards beta cells to keep their functionality. While this project fits directly in line with our objectives at my lab, it also fits into the bigger picture in the endocrinology field. While endocrinology is the study of the hormones and endocrine gland, the main disease that is associated with endocrinologists is diabetes. Diabetes is connected with insulin resistance or beta cell deficiency. By doing this research project that deals with the endurance of beta cells in the pancreas, then we will have a better understanding of Diabetes and when the paper s published it could very well lead another research or guide further research into a cure for diabetes. Diabetes is a very prevalent issue in my life, which is the reason why I chose this particular research project and it is also one of the reasons why I chose to join a lab that does research that is related to
My patient Hannah is a 10 year old 4th grade student who loves volleyball and was just diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus. I’m going to explain to you what her disorder is, the signs and symptoms, causes of this disorder, body changes, economic impact, and how she will manage this disorder especially at such a young age.
The beta cells affect a person’s glucose regulations within the blood. This is because the beta cells are in charge of sending insulin arou...
According WebMD 2014. Diabetes mellitus (or diabetes) is a chronic, lifelong condition that affects your body's ability to use the energy found in food. There are three major types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus and gestational diabetes. It is a hormonal disorder of the pancreas either decrease in insulin level also known as hypoinsulinism or increase in insulin level also known as hyperinsulinism. Lowered amounts, insufficient of, or ineffective use of insulin leads to the disorder of diabetes mellitus. It is common chronic disease requiring lifelong behavioral and lifestyle changes. According to Peakman (2012). The development of type 1 diabetes mellitus is a genetic and an autoimmune process that results in destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas, leading to absolute insulin deficiency. There is usually a pre-diabetic phase where autoimmunity has already developed but with no clinically apparent insulin dependency. Insulin autoantibodies can be detected in genetically predisposed individuals as early as 6-12 months of age. In persons genetically susceptible to type 1 diabetes, a triggering event, possibly a viral infection the leads to production of autoantibodies that kill the beta cells and results in decline and a lack of insulin secretion. According to Wherrett. It is caused by impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance and has a gradual onset. Those with type 2 diabetes may eventually need insulin treatment. Gestational diabetes mellitus is glucose intolerance during pregnancy in a woman not previously diagnosed with diabetes, this may occur if placental hormones counteract insulin, causing insulin intolerance. Complications in diabetes mellitus includes: Hypoglycemia it is ca...
Jordyn Self - Morici. Diabetes Case Study 1. What is the difference between a. and a. Distinguish between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes by comparing and contrasting their definitions, bodily effects, warning signs, target groups, and current treatments in a table. Type 1 Type 2 Definition -Also known as insulin-dependent diabetes (Morahan). Classified as a chronic condition in which the pancreas produces very little insulin.
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is also referred to as insulin-dependent as the secretion of the hormone insulin by the pancreas is reduced to minor levels due to the destruction of the pancreatic beta cells by immune system of the body. Therefore, Type 1 Diabetes is an autoimmune condition due to the fact that the body is harming the pancreas with antibodies so beta cells cannot make any insulin for bloodstream to take in glucose. The fact that the cells in the body cannot take in glucose means that it builds up in the blood and hyperglycaemia occurs. This abnormally high level of blood glucose is able to harm the nervous system, tiny blood vessels in the kidneys, heart and the eyes. Type 1 Diabetes is fatal when left untreated as it then causes heart disease, kidney disease, damage to the nerves, stroke and
The focus for finding an immunological cure for diabetes mellitus type 1 should be directed to prevent maturation or cause inactivation of autoreactive T cells to halt the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells. Inactivation of the autoreactive T cells can be accomplished in two ways. First, antigen presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, that present auto antigens can be modified to prevent maturation or expression of co-stimulatory receptor. Secondly, the T cell can remain in the naïve state or be inactivated after activation by an antigen presenting cell. Diabetes mellitus, commonly known as diabetes, is categorized into type 1, insulin dependent, and type 2, insulin resistant, and the focus will be on the former. Type 1diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease occurring when insulin-producing beta cells are destroyed by autoreactive CD8 T cells.1 Beta cells are endocrine cells that only secrete insulin and are found in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. When the first clinical symptoms of diabetes are apparent in a patient, 80% of the beta cells have already been destroyed.1When large amounts of beta cells are destroyed, it only leaves a fraction of insulin left for the body to utilize, which is often not enough to support function. Type 1 diabetes affects an estimated 30 million people worldwide.1 There is no cure for type 1 diabetes and someone with this disease would need to monitor their blood glucose levels and manually give themselves insulin injections to regulate those levels. However, using insulin injections is not a cure.
The faulty responsiveness of body tissues to insulin normally entails the insulin receptor found in cell membranes. The other type, the gestational diabetes happens in women who have not been diagnosed with diabetes before and show elevated blood glucose amounts during pregnancy. There is no explicit reason that has been acknowledged but it is assumed that the hormones secreted dur...
Diabetes Mellitus is a disease of the endocrine system primarily differentiated between type 1 and type 2. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas is unable to produce insulin and was previously seen in the younger generation which is no longer the case.1 Type 2 diabetes is the more prevalent of the two types and involves elevated blood sugar levels due to the insufficient production of insulin. Risk factors that make an individual higher risk for type 2 diabetes include increasing age, obesity, family history, a sedentary lifestyle.1,2 Innovative drug therapies for type 2 diabetes remain important for the treatment and reduction of the disease.
The prevalence of diagnosed endocrinological disorders has increased during the 20th century and into the 21st century. These disorders interfere in the day to day lives of those who have them. A common disorder of the endocrine system is diabetes, type 1 and type 2. While there have been many treatment methods used of the years the use of biotechnology like recombinant DNA technology has revolutionized and standardized the treatments.
Diabetes refers to a set of several different diseases. It is a serious health problem throughout the world and fourth leading cause of death by disease in the country. All types of diabetes result in too much sugar, or glucos in the blood. To understand why this happens it would helpful if we understand how the body usually works. When we eat, our body breaks down the food into simpler forms such as glucose. The glucose goes into the bloodstream, where it then travels to all the cells in your body. The cells use the glucose for energy. Insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas, helps move the glucose from bloodstream to the cells. The pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus further explains the concept on how this disease works. Pancreas plays an important role of the metabolism of glucose by means of secreting the hormones insulin and glucagon. These hormones where then secreted by Islets of Langerhans directly to the blood. Inadequate secretion of insulin results on impaired metabolism of glucose, carbohydrates, proteins and fats which then result to hyperglycemia and glycosuria. Hyperglycemia is the most frequently observed sign of diabetes and is considered the etiologic source of diabetic complications both in the body and in the eye. On the other hand, glucagon is the hormone that opposes the act of insulin. It is secreted when blood glucose levels fall.
Type 1 diabetes, is an incurable but treatable disease which can occur at any age but is mostly found in children due to the high levels of glucose in the blood (Eckman 2011). Juvenile diabetes affects about 1 in every 400-600 children and more than 13,000 are diagnosed yearly (Couch 2008). Type 1 Diabetes means your blood glucose, or blood sugar, is too high. With Type 1 diabetes, your pancreas does not make insulin. Insulin is a hormone, which helps glucose gets into your cells to provide energy. Without insulin, too much glucose stays in your blood. Over time, high blood glucose can lead to serious problems with your heart, eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums and teeth (American Diabetes Association). Previous research has suggested proper insulin management, a balanced diet and exercise will help maintain glycemic control and lessen the chance of complications (Couch 2008).
Diabetes type 1 occur when the immune system destroys the beta cells, they are responsible to create insulin and are located
Diabetes is a chronic disorder of metabolism characterized by a partial or complete deficiency of the hormone insulin. With this, there are metabolic adjustments that occur everywhere in the body. Specific to this child is Type One Diabetes. This is characterized by demolition of the pancreatic beta cells, which produce insulin. Because of this, it leads to complete insulin deficiency. Within Type One diabetes, there are two different forms. First there is immune-mediated deficiency, which typically results from an autoimmune destruction of the beta cells. The second type is called idiopathic type one, in which the cause is unknown. (Wong, Hockenberry, Wilson, 2015)
Diabetes Mellitus is a disease in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps the body’s tissues absorb glucose which is sugar, so it can be used as a source of energy. Glucose levels build up in the blood and urine which causes excessive urination, thirst, hunger, and problems with fat and protein metabolism in a diabetic person. Diabetes is very common in the United States; it is the seventh leading cause of all deaths. Women have been diagnosed with diabetes more than men. There are two forms of diabetes, Type one and Type two diabetes. Type one diabetes is when the body does not produce insulin or produces it in very small quantities. This usually occurs in younger people under twenty years of age, mostly around puberty. Type two diabetes is when the body’s balance between insulin production and the ability of cells to use insulin doesn’t work properly. This is more common than type one; about 90-95% people in the United States have it. There are no cures for diabetes now but there are many researchers investigating factors through new technologies to cure them. Meanwhile, technological advancements are being made to keep glucose at a good level for diabetes.
The pancreas, in addition to its digestive process has two important hormones, Insulin and Glucagon which are important for the maintenance of blood glucose level at a narrow range. Not only glucose, but also they are important for protein and lipid metabolism. Glucagon is secreted by the alpha cells of the islet of Langerhans and Insulin is secreted by the beta cells of Langerhans. Both are secreted to portal vein. (8)