Dr. Salam was born in the small village of Jhang, present day Pakistan in 1926 where he attended the first few years of school. His father was an official in the Department of Education for the poor farming district. A fast learner Dr. Salam attended the University of the Punjab at the age of 13 and at the age of 14 he received the highest numbers ever recorder for the Matriculation Examination at the university. Due to his outstanding grades he received a full scholarship to the Government College, University of Punjab.
In 1946 he obtained his MA in physics and then that very same year he was awarded with a scholarship to St. John's College, Cambridge where he got a double BA with honors in mathematics and physics in 1949 and then a Ph. D in Theoretical Physics from Cambridge in 1952. At this point in his he had already received the Smith's Prize by the University of Cambridge for the most outstanding pre-doctoral contribution to physics (1950).
Then in 1951 Dr. Salam returned to his roots to teach mathematics at the Government College, Lahore, Pakistan. Since Dr. Salam was a man who was very devoted to his religion and because he belonged to the Ahmadiyya Muslim sect, considered heretical by many Muslims, he decided to leave his beloved Pakistan when the stigma of being a part of the Ahmadiyya sect became too much and the realization that he would not be able to continue his research in physics in such conditions. So in 1954 Dr. Salam left Pakistan for a lectureship at Cambridge.
After many years of contributions to the world of physics at many different schools and institutions, including, Cambridge, London University, Imperial College of London, Institute of Advanced Study in Princeton, and many others, in 1979 Dr. Salam received a Nobel Prize in physics for the work he had done in the electroweak theory, "which is the mathematical and conceptual synthesis of the electromagnetic and weak interactions-the latest stage reached until now on the path towards the unification of the fundamental forces of nature. Salam, Sheldon Glashow, and Steven Weinberg arrived at the theory independently and shared the prize." (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdus_Salam). At this point he finally felt he had gotten the love of his beloved Pakistan and served on many Pakistani comities.
Quantum Electrodynamics or QED is the quantum field theory which describes the properties of the electromagnetic forces. All forces or interactions of nature are thought to be comprised of 4 basic forces, Gravity, Electromagnetism, Strong nuclear force, and the Weak nuclear force.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that dr. salam was born in jhang, present-day pakistan in 1926. his father was an official in the department of education for the poor farming district.
- Narrates how he received the smith's prize by the university of cambridge for the most outstanding pre-doctoral contribution to physics.
- Explains that dr. salam returned to his roots in 1951 to teach mathematics at the government college, lahore, pakistan. he left pakistan when the stigma of being a part of the ahmadiyya sect became too much and realized that he would not be able to continue his research in physics.
- Explains that dr. salam received a nobel prize in physics in 1979 for his work in the electroweak theory, which is the mathematical and conceptual synthesis of electromagnetic and weak interactions.
- Explains quantum electrodynamics, or qed, which describes the properties of electromagnetic forces. gravity, electromagnetism, strong nuclear force, and weak nuclear forces govern the sub-atomic world.
- Explains professor salam's claim to fame was the electroweak theory, which is the closest physics has gotten to the unification of the fundamental forces of nature.
- Explains how james clerk maxwell's unification of the electric and magnetic forces led to the unified field theory and the electroweak theory.
- Explains that the electroweak theory introduces particles that act as mediators of weak interactions in the same way that photons mediate electromagnetic interactions.
- Explains that unlike the photon, the w and z bosons are massive. this causes the beta decay weak interactions to occur at rates much lower than electromagnetic decays.
- Cites serway & beichner's "physics for scientists and engineers with modren physics" and roland omnes' "quantum philosophy" from princeton university press.
- Describes the sources of information on quantum physics, including bartleby, factmonster, ictp, and trieste.
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- Industrial Revolutionexplanatory essayWhen he got hired at an unversity as an mathematical instrument, and thus he was given access to a workshop. He got to know alot of scientist, one was named Joseph Black and he was a british chemist, he helped James Watt to major improvements.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that thomas newcomen and john calley built their first engine on top of a water filled mine shaft to pump water out of the mine.
- Explains that the industrial revolution started in britain and spread throughout europe, north america and beyond.
- Explains that james watt was a british inventor who didn't invent the steam-engine but improved it.
- Explains that the industrial revolution began in england because other countries didn't have access to the machines that england had.
1435 wordsRead More - Watson and Crickexplanatory essayPh.D. in Physics from Gonville and Caius College. During this time, he also worked at
In this essay, the author
- Opines that due to their background and major, they have chosen to write.
- Narrates how he was in london at the time, which was the heart of the conflict, and his lab at which
- Explains that he worked for the military during world war ii, and contributed with his contribution.
- Explains that he spent most of his life focusing on physics and biological sciences.
- Explains that watson was born in chicago on april 6, 1928. watson also came from a similar family.
- Explains that ornithology changed his plan of study to genetics at the university of maryland.
- Narrates how watson pursued his ph.d. in zoology at the age of 19.
- Explains that he had achieved all this at the mere age of 22 and had his plans set.
- Analyzes the bacteriophage and the organism to find out if it was dna or dna.
- Explains that watson's methods were employed in the field of genetics.
- Narrates how crick, in his mid-30's, bonded over a discussion of their beliefs.
- Describes the structure of dna and the process that leads to dna production.
- Explains that franklin had collected experimental data on dna but hadn't been able to figure out what it was.
- Explains that watson and watson were able to interpret the data and create a model for dna.
- Explains the shape of a double helix, with two strands intertwined with one another.
- Explains that the discovery of all of dna was made of only four elements.
- Describes francis crick as a british biophysicist born on june 8, 1916. he was an exemplary student from his humble roots.
- Describes how he obtained his ph.d. in physics from gonville and caius college.
- Explains that scientists were able to better track the passage of material from one organism to another and find out what led to the exchange.
- Explains that the recording of nucleotide base pairs gave rise to the human genome project by the national institute of health.
- Explains that dna discovery was the first step in a series of discoveries that led to the discovery of the structure of dna.
- Opines that crick's discovery was part of a larger puzzle, its importance can't be reduced because of the benefits that have come from the field.
1324 wordsRead More - Analysis Of The Movie 'Interstellar'explanatory essayThorne has been recognized for his work and in 1972, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1973, he got in the National Academy of Sciences, and in 1999, the American Philosophical Society elected him. He has also been recognized by the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1999 as a foreign member. He has received many other awards and honors recognizing his skill and knowledge in the field of theoretical physics.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that kip thorne was born in logan, utah on june 1, 1940. his father was a professor at the utah state university and his mother was soil chemist and economist.
- Explains that kip thorne received his b.s. degree from caltech in 1962 and his ph.d. from princeton university in 1965. he was promoted to professor of theoretical physics in 1970.
- Explains thorne resigned his feynman professorship in 2009 in order to pursue a new career in writing, continued research, and film.
- Explains thorne's research on black holes, relativistic stars, and gravitational waves. he developed mathematical formalism and worked closely with vladimir braginsky, ronald drever and rainer weiss.
- Explains thorne wrote gravitation theory, gravitational collapse, black holes: the membrane paradigm, and einstein's outrageous legacy by himself.
- Describes thorne as a founder of the ligo project, which is the laser interferometer gravitational wave observatory.
- Explains that kip thorne has collaborated with other theoretical physicists and contributed to the scientific field of study.
- Explains that thorne predicted the existence of red supergiant stars with neutron-star cores with anna zytkow, and developed the general relativistic theory of thin accretion disks around black holes with igor novikov and don page
- Explains thorne's theory of the motion and precession of black holes and other relativistic bodies using general relativity.
- Explains that kip thorne showed traversable lorentzian wormholes can exist in spacetime only if they are connected by quantum fields in quantum states that have negative renormalized energy spread over a sufficiently large region.
- Explains thorne invented tools for visualizing spacetime curvature with a group of colleagues, such as frame-drag vortex lines and tideal tendex lines, which are gravitational analogs of electric field lines.
- Explains that thorne has helped contribute to the world of science in collaborations with other physicists, but he has also been the mentor for 52 ph.d.
- Explains that thorne has been recognized for his work and has received many awards and honors recognizing his skill and knowledge in the field of theoretical physics.
981 wordsRead More - Benjamin Franklinexplanatory essayThis was the beginning of many awards in his experiments to come. He was elected to the Royal Society on May 29, 1756. This is probably one of the most influential factors in his work and this is one way that his work was seen by people all over Europe and other parts of the world. Members of the Royal Society had their scientific works published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. (DOSB,129)
In this essay, the author
- Explains that benjamin franklin, one of the most important americans in history, did scientific work before 1790. the influences he felt from europe helped him develop and work in science.
- Explains that ben franklin traveled to europe many times and arrived in london on december 24,1724. in europe, there were more people with the knowledge and interest that franklin had and this created more will for franklin to study science.
- Explains that he was elected to the royal society on may 29, 1756. this is probably one of the most influential factors in his work.
- Explains that franklin's first works were studying electricity in the 1740s and this was his most important work that he performed.
- Explains how franklin studied the leyden jar, which was made with metal and water or a shot of metal inside. the water was positively charged, and the glass jar was the object giving the charge.
- Illustrates the influence that europe had on franklin when he sent collinson his "opinions and conjectures concerning the properties and effects of the electrical matter, arising from experiments and observations, made at philadelphia, 1749."
- Explains that franklin's influence was apparent all over the world because on both sides of the channel "electricians" were using the ideas in which were published by franklin.
- Narrates how franklin sent collinson a letter about one of his most famous experiments. franklin's work was said to be the greatest since the work of sir isaac newton.
- Explains that franklin did not stop contributing his work to electricity after his award but went further into his investigation. he discovered that the clouds were mostly negative but were also positive.
- Explains that franz aepinus explained that the force of repulsion could be gotten rid of altogether. he introduced the revolutionary idea that in solids, liquids and gases the particles that franklin called "common matter" would repel one another
- Explains that franklin was perplexed by the difficulties of seamanship, ship design, and the science of seas. he studied the motion of the jet stream.
- Explains that franklin did not agree with the current explanation of light because he thought even though light was small, it traveled so fast that it would have a large momentum. later, franklin performed experiments to explain how heat was distributed depending on the conditions and surrounding objects of the fire.
854 wordsRead More - Six Easy Pieces By Richard Feynmanopinionated essayRichard P. Feynman was born in 1918 in Brooklyn; in 1942 he received his Ph.D. from Princeton. Already displaying his brilliance, Feynman played an important role in the development of the atomic bomb through his work in the Manhattan Project. In 1945 he became a physics teacher at Cornell University, and in 1950 he became a professor at the California Institute of Technology. He, along with Sin-Itero and Julian Schwinger, received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 for his work in the field of quantum electrodynamics.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that richard p. feynman was born in 1918 in brooklyn and received his ph.d. from princeton in 1942. he played an important role in the development of the atomic bomb through the manhattan project.
- Explains that dr. feynman's mathematical theory accounts for the phenomenon of super fluidity in liquid helium, along with murray gell-mann, and his parton model of high-energy proton collision processes.
- Opines that feynman was considered a superb teacher and received many awards and honors, including the oersted medal for teaching, which was awarded to him in 1972.
- Opines that feynman's most famous contributions are his work in the challenger investigation when it crashed in 1986.
- Explains that six easy pieces is a compilation of six of dr. feynman's lectures all dealing with the easier aspects of physics.
- Analyzes how feynman takes the reader deeper into the heart of physics, while still relating each concept to something that the general public will understand.
- Analyzes how feynman wanted to use this novel to educate the minds of people who have some interest in the field of science. while there is more than enough information for the reader to gain a general idea of what can be learned through physics, he is enticed to go out and learn more.
- Explains that feynman's lectures are designed to capture the desire of his students and show them all that physics has to offer.
- Describes feynman as a revolutionary thinker who dedicated his life to the advancement of modern physics, and hoped that his writings would inspire an avid physicist to take up where he left off.
- Opines that they enjoyed reading dr. feynman's book, which was enlightening, but boring. they would have liked to sit in on a class of this highly credited physicist.
- Opines that finishing feynman's novel gave them a feeling of satisfaction and accomplishment.
- Opines that feynman is paving the way for the future of the world; one day physics will be taught in grade school and as easy to learn as reading.
- Opines that richard feynman challenges and captivates the minds of his students and pushes them to excel in their fields of study.
- Opines that this book should be included with all works that hold a high literary merit.
- Opines that richard feynman's book six easy pieces is more than worthy of achieving literary merit.
1653 wordsRead More - Since his birth, Albert Einstein has had the most beneficial effects on the events of the world. Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany on March 14, 1979 and as a boy displayed an unquenchable curiosity for understanding science and all of its mysteries. As Albert Einstein’s life progressed, he found himself working as a patent clerk in Bern. While working as a patent clerk in Bern, Albert Einstein had a plethora amount of time which was devoted to formulating his theories. Also during this time, Albert Einstein received his Doctorate degree and started working on one of his most influential papers, which was the Special Theory of Relativity. After Einstein completed his Special Theory of Relativity, he moved onto creating the General Theory of Relativity which earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921. With the creation of both the General Theory of Relativity and the Special Theory of Relativity, Einstein was able to create his Theory of Relativity which comprises of both theories. Other scientific discoveries that Einstein made are the existence of the photon, the theory of Brownian motion, the concept of Mass-energy equivalence, the photoelectric effect, the first quantum theory of specific heats, the Einstein-Brilloui-Keller method for finding the quantum mechanical version of a classical system , Bose-Einstein statistics and Bose-Einstein condensates, the EPR paradox, and although his efforts were unsuccessful, in his last thirty years of life Einstein explored various classical unified field theories that could account for both electromagnetism and gravitation and possibly quantum mechanics.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that albert einstein has had the most beneficial effects on the events of the world since his birth.
- Explains that einstein's special theory of relativity has had a colossal impact on the world.
- Explains that einstein's general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation, the basis of current cosmological models of a consistently expanding universe.
- Explains that einstein's theory of relativity is classified as "principle theories" because of how it applies and analytic method.
- Explains that a photon is an elementary particle, the quantum of light, and all other forms of electromagnetic force, even when static. einstein created theories that dealt with brownian motion.
- Explains that brownian motion is the random motion of particles suspended in a fluid resulting from their collision with the quick atoms or molecules in the gas or liquid.
- Explains that einstein's mass-energy equation had tremendous effects in the world.
- Describes how einstein made sense of the photoelectric effect by describing light as being carried in his newly discovered photons.
- Explains that bose-einstein statistics is one of two possible ways in which non-interacting indistinguishable particles may occupy a set of available discrete energy states at thermodynamic equilibrium.
- Explains that bose-einstein condensate is a dilute gas of bosons cooled to an absolute zero temperature. it is the basis for super fluidity and super conductivity.
- Explains that albert einstein's discoveries and theories have had a positively enormous effect on the world, including the theories of special and general relativity, the theory of relativity, brownian motion, and the discovery of the photon.
1835 wordsRead More - Albert Einstein And The Theory Of Special Relativityanalytical essay1905, and published four of his major research papers, including his Theory of Special Relativity. This theory would later contribute to other ideas and discoveries, one of which would be the Mass-Energy Equivalence. Einstein was awarded a Nobel Prize for physics in 1921, and later immigrated to the United States in 1933, where he began his professorship at the Instit...
In this essay, the author
- Explains that einstein's theory of special relativity and the mass-energy equivalence contributed to other ideas and discoveries, including the television, automatic door openers, and dvd players.
- Explains albert einstein's mass-energy equivalence theory, which states that the energy exalted by an object is equal to the mass of that object.
- Explains that albert einstein confirmed the theory of special relativity, which states that objects moving at a constant speed move in relation to each other.
- Analyzes how albert einstein's mass-energy equivalence theory explains how mass and energy work together and contributes to the development of hospital diagnostics and space technology.
745 wordsRead More - Immanuel Velikovskyargumentative essay1921 moved to Berlin, married, edited a journal called Scripta Universitatis atque Bibliothecae Hierosolymitarum, the mathematical-physical section was prepared by Albert Einstein. This journal played a big role in developing the Hebrew University in Jerusalem,
In this essay, the author
- Explains that before the day breaks is a well-written book, where velikovsky's main argument is that gravity and inertia are not the only forces acting on the solar system.
- Explains that velikovsky's followers try to combine anthropology, geology, psychology, and other disciplines with physics to support their theories.
- Explains that velikovsky made some pretty remarkable predictions, however most scientists believe he got lucky, they attribute these predictions to more likely reasons, than what
- Explains that the electromagnetic force of the sun is a major factor on the way comet tails behave.
- Explains that the moon rocks would have magnetic remenace, traces of hydrocarbons or carbides, and radioactivity.
- Opines that if historical evidence does not square with formulated laws, it should be remembered that laws must conform with historical facts, not facts with laws.
- Analyzes how velikovsky came to the conclusion that venus caused many natural disasters by using scientifically accepted methods. after being rejected by 12 publishers, worlds in collision became a #1 best seller.
- Concludes that the distant past cannot be recreated nor understood by science. as time increases so do ambiguities and uncertainties. scientific thinking is one of man's greatest tools in understanding the present natural world.
- Explains that velikovsky's journal scripta universitatis atque bibliothecae hierosolymitarum played a big role in developing the hebrew university in jerusalem.
- Explains that velikovsky's ideas were reconsidered in the 1970s due to predictions coming to pass. he was regularly invited to speak at universities around the country.
- Explains that velikovsky was wrong about comets at a distance but partially correct in his prediction of tails close to the sun.
- Explains that velikovsky predicted that venus would be rich in hydrogen and be full of hydrogen clouds.
1211 wordsRead More - Presidential Rhetoric and Campaignanalytical essayBecause of this strict background with Islamic religion Osama bin Laden attended schools located in Medina and in Mecca. Both places provided Osama with alliances that supported him in his beliefs, in the past and in the present with his education at both secondary and university levels. Throughout his education, he came across three of the most influential people in his life, Taqi al-Din Ibn Tammiyah, Mohammed Qutb (a.k.a. Sayyid Qutb Ibrahim Husayn Shadhill) and Shaykh Abdullah Azzam.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that mohammed qutb was referred to as the brains behind osama during his time as an educator. the muslim brotherhood's goal is to "build the muslim individual."
- Analyzes osama bin laden, radical islam, and the future of america through their enemies' eyes.
- Explains that osama bin laden created a modern day crusade against western civilization because of his rhetorical ability to create, not only through speech, but also through his actions.
- Explains that qutb's radical affiliation with this group and his islamist perspectives parallel another one of osama bin laden’s major influences, taqi al-din ibn tammiyah.
2129 wordsRead More - Michael Guillen, the author of Five Equations that Changed the World, choose five famous mathematician to describe. Each of these mathematicians came up with a significant formula that deals with Physics. One could argue that others could be added to the list but there is no question that these are certainly all contenders for the top five. The book is divided into five sections, one for each of the mathematicians. Each section then has five parts, the prologue, the Veni, the Vidi, the Vici, and the epilogue. The Veni talks about the scientists as a person and their personal life. The Vidi talks about the history of the subject that the scientist talks about. The Vici talks about how the mathematician came up with their most famous formula.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that daniel bernoulli's law of hydrodynamic pressure makes sense when we compare it to blood vessels.
- Explains how michael faraday's equation and the law of electromagnetic induction sparked new interest in magnetism, electricity and connection between them.
- Explains that rudolf clausius' discoveries led to the second law of thermodynamics, the equation that "changed the world".
- Analyzes how michael guillen, of five equations that changed the world, chose five famous mathematicians to describe.
1061 wordsRead More