Background Face and facework: concepts and theories The concept of face was developed in Asian countries, mostly, in China, where this term involved two different meanings. According to Ho (1976), the first one, lien, stands for positive views of others on the behavior of a person, whose face is under consideration. The second one, mien-tzu, characterizes prestige and reputation valuable in the country and gained by a person during his/her life (Ho, 1976). Face in its meaning is not related to how a person perceives him- or herself, but what he/she thinks others may think of him/her. It implies that face is not a personal trait but a characteristic that goes beyond the person and is meaningful only when others are involved (Cocroft & Ting-Toomey, …show more content…
In general, it was stated in the refined face-negotiation theory that people from small power distance cultures would apply verbally direct and aggressive facework strategies (from the part of supervisors) and defensive strategies (from the part of subordinates). On the other hand, those from large power distance cultures would tend to use indirect strategy and third-party (for the boss) and obliging, respectful and apologizing strategies (for subordinates). As to face-concern, the patterns of relationship were the following: in small power distance cultures people were supposed to be self-face concerned, while people in high power distance cultures – other- and mutual-face …show more content…
People with high independent self-construal were claimed to be oriented towards personal achievement and self-direction. Those high on interdependent self-construal, in contrast, were proposed to be oriented toward the group, have a strong sense of relational connectedness and accept restraint of actions that may harm others. In addition to this, the authors of the face-negotiation theory suggested to distinguish two more types of self-construal – biconstrual type (high level of both independent and interdependent self) and ambivalent type (low level of both two “classical” self-construal types) (Ting-Toomey & Kurogi,
Knowing that the visual anonymity of computer-mediated communication may reduce face threat and make individuals more likely to disclose information to others, individuals may feel more comfortable expressing their emotions through computer-mediated communication during a conflict (Joinson, 2011). The level of face perception a person wants to obtain depends on the conflict management and resolution strategies the person uses.... ... middle of paper ... ... European Journal of Social Psychology, 31(2), 177-192.
Facing Corrections in the Workplace: The Influence of Perceived Face Threat on the Consequences of Managerial Reproaches. Journal of Applied Communication Research, Vol.28(3), pp.289-320. Goffman, E. (1967) Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Behavior. New York: Anchor Books.
• Once more, the ordinary science’ proves itself as the master of classification, inventing and defining the various categories of Egoism. Per example, psychological egoism, which defines doctrine that an individual is always motivated by self-interest, then rational egoism which unquestionably advocates acting in self-interest. Ethical egoism as diametrically opposite of ethical altruism which obliges a moral agent to assist the other first, even if sacrifices own interest. Also, ethical egoism differs from both rational and psychological egoism in ‘defending’ doctrine which considers all actions with contributive beneficial effects for an acting individual
“Beauty is not in the face; beauty is a light in the heart” (Kahlil). People focus more on the outward appearance instead of the inward appearance. One’s inward appearance is comprised of their character, values, morals, and the true nature of their heart. On the other hand, the outward appearance is composed of one’s dress and grooming. The inward and outward appearance determines whether or not a person is ugly or beautiful. The choices that we make also define whether or not one is ugly or beautiful; choices made in the past can sometimes be repeated in the future.
In this paper I will be discussing two theories that my classmates and myself have learned about during this semester. The main objective is to explain, compare and contrast the theories using the information that we have learned inside of our text books. The two theories that I have chosen to use are the social bonding theory and the self-control theory. I chose these theories because these were the two that I was most interested in during my time of study.
Psychological Egoism is a claim that one’s own welfare is the governing aim that guides us in every action. This would mean that every action and decisions humans make come with an intention for self-benefit, and personal gain. The fundamental idea behind psychological egoism is that our self-interest is the one motive that governs human beings. This idea may be so deep within our morals and thought process that although one may not think selfishly, the intention of their action is representing to a degree of personal gains.
The effective functioning “personality”/ individual has the ability to distinguish when he/ she is compromising one of his other parts for another one. When there is an emphasis on one level of an individual, that individual begins to alter their behavior and attitudes toward that level of focus, which is referred to as an other-directed personality. An other directed personality is defined as one is which the behavior and attitude of an individual is motived purely by external stimuli, norms, and societal expectations rather then our intrinsic motivation and value scale. The value and worth of the self is compromised when the individual is focused on being-for-other; meaning, they are basing most of their decisions on the values and preferences of others rather then our own.
Maslach, C., Santee, R. T., & Wade, C. (1987). Individuation, Gender Role, and Dissent: Personality Mediators of Situational Forces. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(6), 1088-1093.
“Self-concept consists of knowledge, views and evaluation of the self, ranging from miscellaneous facts of personal history to the identity that gives a sense of purpose and coherence to life” (McCrae and Costa, 1996). With self-concept, we learn who we are by observing ourselves and using our cognitive processes to judge and evaluate our behaviour. However, with self-regulation, we are able to use this knowledge and judgment and apply it to future situations and so predicts behaviour and says a lot about our personality. If we are willing to cognitively analyse past situations and apply it effectively to future situations, this means we are changing our behaviour, thus changing our
Lewis, C.S. Till We Have Faces; A Myth Retold. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1984. Print.
Levinas asserts that the relation to the face is one that is dominated by perception and thus demonstrates the conception of what a person is rather than who a person is, this fundamental ideology stems from an identity logic to the social world. The question of etymologically with regard to the specific hinge word of perception, from the Latin word perceptionem, is the receiving or collection of; and hence in the sense of an identity logic and the associated assumption of chronological time, perception is the expectation of receiving or collecting the individual as what they are aesthetically and physically for example, the nature of a binary logic between male and female. There is a sense of impatience and a desire to identify an individual through categories of traditional attributes that distance and detach each individual from each other, such as what their eye colour is, who else has this eye colour, and whether we can then say that he or she looks like him or her. This expectation of association creates a defined being, one which focuses upon the individual identity a...
Many theories bombarded in an attempt to set a moral code by which people are ought to live by. Plenty of controversies and arguments are raised against each one. One of the controversial moral doctrines is egoism, or simply preferring one's self interest over other's interests and desires. The doctrine seems to be reasonable to a certain extent at first, yet it fails drastically when having a second thought about it. Throughout my essay, I will explain the different types of egoism, and argue for each one of them. Finally, I will provide counter arguments for each type along with my personal opinion and analysis.
The importance of relationships may differ based on cultures or individuals. Compared to Chinese, Americans as children are more influenced by peers who exude their character through jokes and games while Chinese find enthusiasm in harmonious relationships. ( Friedman 2006) Also, the working position of the individuals involved in the conflict determines whether to avoid or be direct. Those who are considered of higher authority or have more power than others have an increased chance of being involved in conflict avoidance. People of lower status would rather avoid a conflict that involves a higher authority because of respect, and the power of decision making is primarily in the hands of the individual of bigger
Prescott, Anne P.. The concept of self in psychology. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2006. Print.
Like it or not, a person is judged by their appearance and the way they carry themselves. Appearance is directly related to a person’s character because some details of personal affectations tell much about one’s identity. Every person’s identity depends on their family and their race. As a book can never be judged by its cover, in the same way, a person cannot be judged by their appearance, identity, or ethnicity. There are 197 countries in this world, but every country’s traditions and beliefs are different from each other. Ethnicity, race, and sex play a large part in forming traditions and beliefs, which is why they are so different around the world. A person’s identity is based on their family, culture and personal interests, which are all the factors that tend to shape how people are seen in a community. When an individual is judged based on their appearance instead of their character, they often suffer rejection. Everyone in this world has a different identity and is different from each other. Cultures and traditions differentiate people and help