Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common virus in the United States that can infect almost any individual. Cytomegalovirus is also referred to as Herpesvirus-5, which belongs to a branch of Herpesviridae family. Herpesviridae has a spherical shape that contains four significant elements that are important to the viron. The four elements are the core, tegument, capsid and the envelope. Alphaherpesvirinae, Betaherpesvirinae and Gammaherpesvirinae are three subfamilies which belong to Herpesviridae. Cytomegalovirus belongs to the Betaherpesvirinae family, which also include Muromegalovirus and Roseolovirus. The Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily includes Simplexvirus, Varicellovirus, Mardivirus and Iltovirus genera. The Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily contains Lymphocryptovirus and Rhadinovirus genera. The diameter size of the virus is based on each specific family; however, the core remains the same throughout the species, which contains single layer of double stranded DNA tightly condensed in the capsid. In the tegument component, there are 30 or more viral proteins that are shapeless that encompass the capsid. Out of the four major components, the tegument has the most poorly defined structure. On the other hand, the capsid is a well-defined structure that is an icosahedron, which is composed of 162 capsomeres, 12 of which are pentons and 150 are hexons (1). Last but not least, the liquid envelope surrounds the tegument with approximately 10 glycoprotein and cellular proteins. Each subfamily under the herpesviriade has its own arrangement between the liquid envelop and the tegument layer.
Herpesviruses are not only been present in humans, they are most often found in commonly studied animals which implicatively insinuates the amount of ...
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...y to CMV once it’s present in the body. Once the vaccine was tested on several animals it was concluded that were unable to become infected due to the fact the immune system establish neutralizing antibodies. As result, it blocked CMV from entering and infecting major targeted cells. The vaccine allows the immune system to react rapidly and effectively if recurrence occurs.
In conclusion the majority of the studies that is constantly led now will surely prompt a superior medication and prevention of cytomegalovirus. Cytomegalovirus is not like most virus due to its persistency. The virus ability to not cause obvious symptoms correlates to the high percentage of individual affected which can eventually lead to other diseases. Therefore the development of vaccine is extremely important because it would lower the infection rate which is very high in today society.
This extremely pathogenic zoonotic virus is now understood to travel from bat species, to equine intermediate hosts, to humans.[8, 10] The Hendra virus is listed as a Bio-Safety Level (BSL)-4, and can only be studied at a few adequately equipped laboratories worldwide due to its virulence.[1, 2] Case fatality rates
In 1989, Fogleman et al. analyzed the uncoating and penetration of Simian virus (SV 40). It uses the ganglioside...
The norovirus is small and round. It is only 27-35 nm in diameter. The virus contains a single- stranded RNA genome. Noroviruses are divided into five genogroups, G1- G5. Of these five genogroups, only G1, G2, and G4 are known to infect humans. G2 is the most common in adult cases of gastroenteritis. 1 “Noroviruses are not enveloped and contain an outer protein capsid encapsulating an RNA genome.”2
The Herpes virus is actually from a family of viruses that include 8 different virus strains that affect humans. The viruses are known through numbers 1 through 8 or HHV1-HHV8. HHV 1 and 2 are listed above while HHV 3, known as varicella zoster virus, and that causes chickenpox. HHV 3 can also cause a recurring skin infection known as herpes zoster or shingles. HHV 4 is known as the Epstein Barr virus, and is responsible for the easily spread mononucleosis, commonly referred to as “mono”. HHV 5 is known as...
RSV is an enveloped, cytoplasmic, pleomorphic virus with negative single stranded RNA (3). This virus belongs in the paramuxoviridae family and in the subfamily Penumovirinae. It has a single serotype and two antigenic subtypes, A or B. In total, 8 out of the total ten RSV proteins are seen in infected cells and virions, eight being structural and two being non-structural (3). The viral envelope has three glycoproteins: G, F, and SH protein (4). In addition, RSV has 5 other structure proteins which include L, N, P, M and M2-1 (4). Two non-structural proteins: NS1 and NS2 are identified with RSV, but it is still unknown whether these two proteins are a part of the assem...
...Although these were initially set to prevent infectious diseases it has been found that there is also prevention of autoimmune diseases, birth control and also cancer therapy. While vaccines provide a proficient means of preventing diseases and improving public health it doesn’t mean all are essential to a healthy life, some do more damage if a sufficient immune system is not present. How the vaccine is formulated and distributed is important to study and follow up on to be certain it is in the best interest of your body to receive the vaccine. Vaccinations will remain present, but it is our choice as individuals to know what they are composed of and how they are administered. Immunizations should be valued and taken seriously, this advancement in technology came at a high speed, which means flaws, and errors will exist, whether we notice them now or in the future.
...in animals latently infected by two vaccine strains. A recent work has shown that virulent recombinants have been obtained by in vitro recombination between attenuated
Vaccinations are most effective when used preventatively rather than curatively. Vaccines help to reduce contraction and spread of infectious diseases and lead to healthy populations. With continued use and research, we have and will continue to gain and understanding about how vaccines work and how they can benefit our society, both now and in the future. Although there are minor concerns to consider when choosing whether to become vaccinated, the benefits greatly outweigh the risk involved. Providing vaccines and immunization is a worthy practice that has proven itself over time. With continued administration, we can have safer communities, and help to reduce disease today while working toward the elimination and eradication of diseases in the future.
Adenovirus are DNA viruses that can cause several infections in the membranes of the respiratory tract, eyes, intestines, urinary tract, and nervous system. These infections are usually mild. The adenovirus finds a host cell that is can attach to. The fibers bind to specific receptors on the surface of the cell. David Goodrell (2010), says that the most common cell receptor is CAR, a protein of unknown function that is found on most types of cell surfaces in the body. After the virus attaches to the cell, it goes through endocytosis. The cell membrane engulfs the viruses that are on the outside of the cell into the vesicles. The penton will then attach to the integrins in the cell which breaks the vesicle membrane and the viral DNA is released
There are a number of viruses that effect the human population. Herpes is one of these viruses that are quite common throughout the world. Herpes is highly contagious infection cause by two types of viruses. These two types of viruses are known as HSV- type 1 and HSV- type 2.
Richman, Laura K., Richard J. Montali, Richard L. Garber, Melissa A. Kennedy, John Lehnhardt, Thomas Hildebrandt, Dennis Schmitt, Douglas Hardy, Donald J. Alcendor, and Gary S. Hayward. "Novel Endotheliotropic Herpesviruses Fatal for Asian and African Elephants." Science 19 Feb. 1999: 1171-176. Print.
Adenoviruses are the cause to a wide range of illnesses; illnesses may vary from mild respiratory infections to life-threatening multi-organ diseases. Individuals with a weak immune system are at risk to attain the virus. Infections with the adenovirus often result in the development of infections in the upper respiratory tract. Adenoviral infections are often acute, they are self-limiting, and are not associated with death. Adenoviruses are of the Adenoviridae family. Adenoviruses are 90–100 nm in size; they are nonenveloped, which implies they are without an outer lipid bilayer. Because they are large in size, they can be transported through the endosome. Adenoviruses contain an icosahedral nucleocapsid that contains a double stranded DNA genome. The icosahedral protein shell is 70 to 100 nm in diameter, and is made up of two hundred and fifty-two structural capsomeres. There are twelve vertices of the icosahedron, which are occupied by units that are called pentons; each penton has a small projection called a fiber. Hexons compose the edges and the twenty faces of the icosahedron;...
There are three genera in the Flaviviridae family (formerly known as group B arboviruses) namely Flavivirus, Pestivirus and Hepacivirus. The dengue virus is a member of the genus Flavivirus which consists of 55 identified virus species (ICTVdB, 2006). The word Flavi is a derivation from the Latin “flavus” which means “yellow” and the type species of the genus is a yellow fever virus (YFV). The flaviviruses are thus named due to the jaundice observed in yellow fever patients. Many flaviviruses are important human pathogens, most notably the dengue viruses, yellow fever virus, Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), West Nile virus (WNV) and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). The flaviviruses are predominantly transmitted by mosquitoes and ticks, whereas some have no known vector. Dengue was one of the groups classified when early researchers divided the flaviviruses serologically into eight antigenic complexes using cross-neutralization tests. However, many viruses, for example the prototype of the genus YFV, could not be affiliated with any complexes (Calisher et al., 1989). When sequence data became available, phylogenetic inference from molecular data showed agreement with the antigenic complex classification. In addition, it revealed the ...
goats also. This virus is part of the Paramyxovirus family and is classified as a pneumovirus. It