The Norovirus belongs to the family called Caliciviridae. The norovirus causes gastroenteritis which is a condition that causes irritation and inflammation of the stomach and intestines. The norovirus is actually the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis.1
The norovirus is small and round. It is only 27-35 nm in diameter. The virus contains a single- stranded RNA genome. Noroviruses are divided into five genogroups, G1- G5. Of these five genogroups, only G1, G2, and G4 are known to infect humans. G2 is the most common in adult cases of gastroenteritis. 1 “Noroviruses are not enveloped and contain an outer protein capsid encapsulating an RNA genome.”2
The norovirus usually does not cause severe symptoms. The gastroenteritis usually is gone in forty – eight hours. The symptoms of the virus are usually mild. A person affected by the virus generally can recover after having mild diarrhea. Those that have compromised immunities could be at risk for severe symptoms if they contract the virus. The virus does kill about 200,000 children under five in developing countries each year. There have been documented cases of waterborne and foodborne norovirus outbreaks. A person can become infected by contact with an infected person, contaminated food, contaminated water, environment, or aerosolized virus. 3 It is common for outbreaks of the nororvirus to occur in hospitals. The norovirus can occur at any time of the year. It is common for outbreaks to occur during winter months. 3
The virus is highly contagious. The gastroenteritis due to the virus can cause stomach pain, nausea, and diarrhea, and possible vomiting. Anyone can contract the virus and can be affected many different times. “The norovirus is also the most common cause of f...
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...ld have been used. If a common case definition is used it is easier to compare outbreaks to another in order to gain information for future outbreaks. The ability of the norovirus to have multiple modes of transmission, prolonged shedding after symptoms have gone, and the environmental stability of the virus cause it to be easily spread and complicate interventions to stop or prevent spread. In college campuses and other facilities that have many people in close quarters should focus on proper hand washing techniques, environmental disinfection, and exclusion of ill food workers. Using technology such as email, texting and internet to reach out to campuses and inform them of proper hygiene and cleaning techniques is a must. Using all sources of technology to communicate on college campuses would help to conduct a more thorough investigation of a reported outbreak. 6
Symptoms, which include diarrhea and abdominal pain, usually begin two to eight days after a person has been exposed to the bacteria and resolve within a week.
...nd make people aware that it is more common than people realize and that a rather large part of America has the illness, whether they know it or not. This paper also discussed how the virus, could target certain individuals more easily than others based on the genetic makeup of an individual and families.
Rabies virus belongs to Lyssavirus genus, Rhadboviridae family. It is a negative-sense, non-segmented, single-strand RNA and 180 nm long* 75 nm wide bullet-shape virus. All rhabdoviruses have two main structural components: a helical ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex and a surrounding viral envelope. The rabies virus genome encodes five functional proteins: L (transcriptase), N (nucleoprotein), and NS (transcriptase-associated) protein with viral RNA are composed of the RNP complex. This complex adds up in the cytoplasm of neurons that are infected by rabies virus and makes up Negri body that is an indicator of rabies for histopathologists. Another two proteins are M (matrix) and G (glycoprotein) proteins that are associated with the lipid envelope. The G protein shapes the protrusions that are spikes-shape surface antigen on the virion envelope and induce virus-neutralizing antibody.
Acute gastroenteritis inflames the stomach and gastrointestinal tract. Norovirus can be transmitted through food water and close conditions. There are several ways to treat winter-vomiting disease (traditional, homeopathic, and Chinese). You cannot protect yourself from norovirus (without dying) because you would have to halt eating.
Valley fever cannot spread from person to person. Most people who are exposed to the fungus experience symptoms, but do not get sick. The signs—fever, cough, and exhaustion—are difficult to distinguish from the flu, and can last for weeks to months. In people with weakened immune systems, the infection can cause more severe conditions such as meningitis or death.
The virus is primarily spherical shaped and roughly 200nm in size, surrounded by a host-cell derived membrane. Its genome is minus-sense single-stranded RNA 16-18 kb in length. It contains matrix protein inside the envelope, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, fusion protein, nucleocapsid protein, and L and P proteins to form the RNA polymerase. The host-cell receptors on the outside are hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. The virus is allowed to enter the cell when the hemagglutinin/ neuraminidase glycoproteins fuse with the sialic acid on the surface of the host cell, and the capsid enters the cytoplasm. The infected cells express the fusion protein from the virus, and this links the host cells together to create syncitia.
...nd headache are common; however, the cardinal manifestation is diarrhea. Fever and chills are also common. At least two-thirds of patients complain of abdominal cramps. The duration of fever and diarrhea varies, but is usually 2 to 7 days”. S. typhimurium can cause many problems for consumers when there is an outbreak in products. Some of the more recent products that have been contaminated and pulled from store shelves are, cantaloupes, ground beef and poultry products, according to the CDC. In all the cases some people were hospitalized. To treat the infection people had to rest and take antibiotics promptly.
Recent research shows that, there are three major means by which infections can be transmitted and they include direct transmission, indirect transmission and airborne transmission (Hinman,Wasserheit and Kamb,1995). Direct transmission occurs when the physical contact between an infected person and s susceptible person takes place (division of public health, 2011). An example is a health care worker who attends to an Ebola patient, without gloves, gown and mask plus forget to wash his or her hand with soap and hot water and or a person having flu without the use of mask or washes his hand after sneezing easily passes the infection to the other through hand shake or surface touch, living the bacteria there for another vulnerable person to also touch if the surface is not disinfected with bleach. Studies makes it clear that, the spreads takes effect when disease-causing microorganisms pass from the infected person to the healthy person through direct physical contact such as touching of blood, body fluids, contact with oral secretion, bites kissing, contact with body lesions and even sexual contact. However, measles and chicken pox are said to be conditions spread by direct
During the event of a communicable disease outbreak, as a human services administrator, I would take all of the necessary steps to communicate to youths, parents and medical staff in a timely and efficient manner. My priority would be to isolate the disease as much as possible and to assist those that have been infected with getting the treatment that they need (Graham-Clay, 2005). In the event that there is an outbreak of a disease such as E-coli within a local high school, I would begin by notifying the medical staff immediately. Considering the fact that Ecoli is a food borne illness, it is considered to be a public health crisis and should be handled as such. There are three recognized phases of a crisis: prevention, preparedness, and recovery. Each of these phases requires planned communication strategies. An outbreak often creates a high-emotion, low-trust situation (Heymann, 2004).
Viruses can be transmitted in many ways. Being in contact with an infected person will most likely transfer the virus. One can also obtain the virus through swallowing, inhaling, and unsafe sex. Poor hygiene and eating habits usually increase the risk of catching a viral infection. Contracting a viral infection is followed by adverse s...
Adenovirus are DNA viruses that can cause several infections in the membranes of the respiratory tract, eyes, intestines, urinary tract, and nervous system. These infections are usually mild. The adenovirus finds a host cell that is can attach to. The fibers bind to specific receptors on the surface of the cell. David Goodrell (2010), says that the most common cell receptor is CAR, a protein of unknown function that is found on most types of cell surfaces in the body. After the virus attaches to the cell, it goes through endocytosis. The cell membrane engulfs the viruses that are on the outside of the cell into the vesicles. The penton will then attach to the integrins in the cell which breaks the vesicle membrane and the viral DNA is released
The summary of CDC Reportable Diseases contains the statistics of the notifiable illnesses and conditions. "A notifiable infectious disease or condition is one for which regular, frequent, and timely information regarding individual cases is considered necessary for the prevention and control of the disease or condition" (www.cdc.gov). Reportable diseases and conditions are reported to public health authorities by health care providers. Protection of public health is ensured by proper identification and follow up cases. "Case notification of nationally notifiable infectious diseases and conditions helps public health authorities monitor the effect of these diseases and conditions, measure the disease and condition trends, assess the effectiveness
The most commonly recognized food borne infections are those caused by the bacteria Campylobacter, Salmonella, and E. coli 0157:H7, and by a group of viruses called Calicivirus, also know as the Norwalk viruses. “Thousands of types of bacteria are naturally present in our environment, but not all bacteria cause disease in humans.” (Schmutz 1)
Brown, G. S. (2013, March 8). Royal Caribbean Cruisers Ill With Apparent Norovirus. ABC News. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/Travel/royal-caribbean-passengers-sick-apparent-norovirus/story?id=18687875
The most common cause of gastroenteritis in adults is the transmission of norovirus; a viral infection that spreads from fecal matter. Noroviruses are highly contagious and can spread directly from person to person, or indirectly through contaminated water and food. When a person is infected, the norovirus attacks their small intestine, entering a host cell by attaching to receptors and triggering endocytosis. It then proceeds to replicate itself, increasing the number of infected cells in the body. Symptoms appear roughly 1-2 days after the initial exposure to the virus, and lasts between 1-3 days. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and a loss of appetite are common symptoms of norovirus, however sufferers may also experience muscle aches, weakness and mild fevers and headaches. Rotavirus is another prevalent agent that causes gastroenteritis, however it only affects infants and young children, due to the fact that immunity against it is developed after infection. It is incredibly common and virtually every child in the world experiences symptoms of the rotavirus before they reach the age of