The case studies showed that Bourdieu´s conceptualization of cultural capital provides a perspective that can elucidate several facetted of agricultural knowledge. As the focus of this paper was on the cultural capital of specific ethnic minorities in the agricultural sector of high mountain areas, which is characterized by numerous processes of transition, the field agricultural knowledge production, dissemination and further development is only one of numerous (c.f. Van Assche et al., 2013). Stimulating factor such as state legislation, economic incentives or social arrangements have not or only marginally been discussed so far. Although, in particular social arrangements i.e. social capital, are highly influencing formation and expressions of cultural capital.
Not only the economic performance of a household relies directly or indirectly on social capital (enough staff etc.), notably in processes of decision making with regard to agricultural production social capital plays a major role. According to Putnam, “social capital (…) refers to features of social organization, such as trust, norms, networks that can improve efficiency of society by facilitation cooperative action.” (Putnam, 1994: 167) Trust or mistrust, solidarity and hierarchies are of high importance regarding agricultural (knowledge) production, the dissemination of knowledge but also decisions about planning processes for the future.
Market type relations between fellow villagers are limited due to various reasons. People are trying to avoid “making money” at the expense of one another – consultation and mutual help are offered free of charge, or in exchange for social capital for example through mutual help in hay making or the production of cow chips (c.f. a...
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...ough, in most cases, farmers had to invent from scratch, as there was no institutionalized capital available that would serve as role model under market conditions.
The significant similarities between the stocks of knowledge and the structures of perception of individual stakeholders point to the importance of the socio-cultural context in terms of learning and perception. Some of the specifics can be found in other post-Soviet transition countries as well. Knowledge e.g. was highly specialised and centralised by the state during the Soviet period – promoted and controlled by local institutions (c.f. Ul -Hassan et al., 2011). Whereupon the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, lead to a loss of institutionalised knowledge, resulting in knowledge gaps in the academic field and to a mismatch of local knowledge with today's institutional structures (c.f.Wall, 2008).
From the expanding of railroads country wide, to limiting laws on the goods farmers sold and transportation of the goods,to starvation of the economy, agriculture began to take its own shape from 1865 through to 1900 in the United States.
Farmers’ incomes were low, and in order to make a profit on what they produced, they begun to expand the regions in which they sold their products in. This was facilitated through the railroads, by which through a series of grants from the government as...
a basis of production, and the only way to operate large farms at the time,
The 1920’s were the singularly most influential years of farming in our country. The loss of farms following the war, and new agricultural practices resulted in the dawn of modern agriculture in our country. The shift from small family to big corporation during this time is now the basis for how our society deals with food today. Traditional farming in the 1920’s underwent a series of massive transitions following WWI as the number of farms decreased and the size of farms increased.
To fully understand why social, economic, and cultural capital could lead to success or failure, it is essential to know the difference between the three. Social capital is defined by the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development as “the links, shared values, and understandings in society that enable individuals and groups to trust each other and to work together” (OECD, 2015). Social capital can be multiple things including family members, colleagues, and strangers who have the
In "thinking outside the idiot box", Dana Stevens responds to Steven Johnson's New York Times article in which Johnson believes that watching television makes you smarter. Indeed, Steven Johnson claimed that television shows have become more and more complex over the years in order to follow the viewers need for an interesting plot instead of an easy, linear story. However, Dana Stevens is opposed to this viewpoint. Stevens is not against television, he does not think it makes you smarter nor that it is poisenous for the brain, he simply states that the viewer should watch television intelligently. That is to say that, viewers should know how much television they should watch and what to watch as well.
First, American agriculture was massively changed by new technology. Many new technologies came out that were big factors in the beginning of commercial farming. The train was a vital role in the production increase in farming. Between 1870 and 1890, the railroad increased in enormous ways, making cattle trails entirely obsolete (Doc B). As transportation became easier, commercial farming became possible and farmers were able to send out more produce. Farmers continued increasing production through the use of new equipment. In 1880, it was possible to harvest wheat in big rows through the use of the combine (Doc D). Commercial farming further changed agriculture by speeding up the process of transporting goods from farmers to consumers. In 1884, Harper’s New Monthly Magazine mentioned a Chicago establishment that combined both processes of shipping and canning beef (Doc F). However, a...
One point of Berry’s argument is that he believes that the land is falling more and more into the hands of speculators and professional people from the cities, who inspite of all the scientific agricultural miracles still have more money than farmers. Big technology and large economics has caused more abandonment of land in the country than ever before. Many of the great farmers are clearly becoming different because they lack then manpower and money to maintain properly. The number of part time farmers and ex-farmers increases every year due to the problems with money and resources. Our harvests depend more and more on the labor of elderly people and young children. The farm people are becoming less dependent on their own produce and more from what they are buying. A lot of them are worried more about their money so they overwork themselves more than before. The ideal of hard wor...
Without farmers, there would be no food for us to consume. Big business picked up on this right away and began to control the farmers profits and products. When farmers buy their land, they take out a loan in order to pay for their land and farm house and for the livestock, crops, and machinery that are involved in the farming process. Today, the loans are paid off through contracts with big business corporations. Since big business has such a hold over the farmers, they take advantage of this and capitalize on their crops, commodities, and profits.
The work of a farmer differed depending on the landscape. As well situated land was claimed, other farmers may be forced to less desirable land. L...
Critical thinking can be used in certain aspects of problem solving and requires various types of skills. People must be motivated and not afraid to use their critical thinking skills to solve various troubles that can and will arise.
Research from the University of California San Diego Scripps Institution of Oceanography said that species in the ocean consume a projected 12,000 to 24,000 tons of plastic every year in the Pacific Ocean (Nall, 2014). Pollution of recyclable materials in the oceans is one of the leading causes of why some marine species are nearing extinction. Many authors of articles and books analyzing this topic tend to agree that pollution of our oceans is a problem. The future of this problem is where their ideas tend to differ. The following four literature reviews attempt to demonstrate and support my belief that pollution is getting worse in the ocean and more marine life ecosystems are being affected, but there are things that we as humans can do to change this. Imagine a world where we didn’t have to constantly worry about the vicious cycle of humans affecting animals and then animals in turn affecting us through consumption.
First is the high female participation combined with low technology, second hired labour and cultural proscriptions on women’s work outside the home; and, third sharing of farm work between women and men with intensive cultivation. Though this classification helps to emphasize women’s role in farming, women roles are broader than classification as posited by Apusigah above. The rural northeast woman’s role is evident in the first category while third category is outside of the role of women. The second categorization is applicable and aligns with women’s labour and their roles and contribution on farms framed as appreciation instead of being recognized as work.