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Ethical issues in electronic commerce
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Introduction
Personal data is quickly becoming a commodity in today's high technology world. This information is used by banks, investment and brokerage companies, credit card merchants, government agencies (local, state and federal), and consumer product-based companies. Most people probably don't realize the amount of information that's shared between companies, or how often it's done. Many companies sell and share customer data to help sell products and find out what new products they should produce. Other uses include gathering information about inventory levels to help better determine what types of products are bought at which store, when and how often. This can be used for inventory and production, to make sure that the store (or stores for chains, like Safeway and Long's Drugs) can have the products available when they're needed.
However, the same personal data is being compromised and eroding privacy. Companies have been getting bolder in their attempts to gather, share and sell data. The latest trend is outsourcing data to third party companies for data processing, which can be done at a lower cost. One of the main problems with this approach is that a lot of very sensitive data is being sent, which could be harmful in the wrong hands. Most companies require their customers to "opt-out" to prevent their data from being shared with a company's affiliates. This process requires the customer to explicitly tell the company not to share their data, which is usually in the form of a web site or a survey sent in the mail. These surveys are often thrown away by consumers, so they don't even realize that they're giving the companies a green light to sell and share their data.
There's a new movement starting to grow, whe...
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...nstitution Policy Brief #29, February 1998.
http://www.brook.edu/comm/policybriefs/pb029/pb29.htm
[17] Simon Davie,"Europe to U.S.: No privacy, no trade", Wired - Issue 6.05. May, 1998
http://www.wired.com/wired/6.05/europe.html
[18] Swedish Personal Register Law, recent changes
http://www.dsv.su.se/~jpalme/society/personal-register-law.html#recentchanges
[19] Declan McCullagh, "US Twitchy on EU Data Privacy", Wired News, October 16, 1998
http://www.wired.com/news/news/business/story/15671.html
Suggested Online resources
Privacy International - http://www.privacyinternational.org/
Internet Privacy - http://www.netatty.com/privacy/
US Department of Health and Human Services, Office for Civil Rights (HIPAA) - http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/hipaa/
Electronic Privacy Information Center - http://www.epic.org/
Privacy 2000 - http://www.privacy2000.org/
Presidents create the leadership position that has a say in all of the decisions for a country. In this era, many judgments of situations needed to be decided, and it made it blatantly obvious as to who made the wrong or right decisions. In the political cartoon published by Washington Post in 1907, Roosevelt wanted to convey that it was necessary to determine what trusts were good or bad. Trusts were made to shut down businesses and he felt he had the power to run these options and opinions. After some violated the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, Teddy really took a step forward in proving his trust-busting techniques. In a speech that Roosevelt made in February of 1912, he expressed his belief on the importance of the people participating in direct election of Senators through his speech. This importance that he felt was necessary eventually led on to the 17th Amendment, which was passed the year after. In Herbert Croly’s New Republic, Wilson received quite a bit of loathing from Croly as he expressed his opinions. The supporters of Wilson definitely disagreed with an article like this, and it was unacceptable to some. Whether liked or disliked, the presidents during this period made an impact on our nation, and the people wanted to be heard for the rights they wanted.
All the Progressive presidents helped set up today's economy and social policies. However, Roosevelt and Wilson had the most lasting impact on today. They esablished labor laws still in effect today, and both protected the consumers from high prices set by the Trusts. The Trusts were diminished of their powers during the Progressive era, and a stronger government was put into place. This further eliminated the Trusts' influences over the earlier weak government.
In conclusion, there is ample evidence to support the theory that the nineteenth century Progressive movement was not a unified core of reform minded individuals. Although each sought to impose social order upon an increasingly complex and seemingly disorganized world, one group used the language of scientific management, maximum output and economic controls, while the other preached social justice, humanitarian reform and respect for the individuality of others.
Although the first signs of this pristine Progressive movement shone since the mid-1800s, no one had cleared the way for its momentous effect upon the nation in the same degree as Theodore Roosevelt. Although at times hot-tempered and brash, his charismatic attitude pushed forward many of the original progressive legislations. For example, his Sherman Anti-Trust Act proposed the life of a trust should be based on its history and actions, since he believed “good” trusts existed along with “bad” ones. Next, the Elkins Act proposed railroads and shippers to offer rebates illegal. They also had to have fixed rates, and couldn’t change without notice. Also, the Hepburn Act gave ICC the power to set maximum railroad rates. Next, of course because of the impetus for reform provided by the many socialist writers, such as Upton Sinclair, was the landmark Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act, protecting the health and safety of consumable products and establishing the Food and Drug Administration. He also wished to preserve the untainted countryside, and established the National Forest Service and also strengthened the Forest Bureau. He also passed the Newlands Act which helped to create subsidies for irrigation in 16 western states. The actions taken by Theodore Roosevelt proved to throw the Progressive movement into the mainstream of the nation, showing its true, ingenuous face.
That is, to control the rapid growth that was putting a strain on the average American. Theodore Roosevelt was considered first of the “progressive presidents”. The first benchmark achievement was in 1902, when he intervened in a national coal strike. He persuaded the owners to allow the dispute to be settled by a commission that he would appoint. By doing so he recognized the United Mine Workers Union. However, this was more than just recognizing a union. Roosevelt made a statement about what kind of president he would be and about what the American people should stand for. It is the first achievement of progressivism that sparked the reforms still to come. Another big achievement by Roosevelt was passing the Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Acts in 1906. These acts regulated and guaranteed the safety of what the American people consumed. Many businesses benefited from and supported these acts, showing that Roosevelt’s active liberal government could be good for both
By book American Progressivism: A Reader, Roosevelt promoted the accompanying changes: 1) to break down the unholy cooperation between fraudulent businesses and politics; 2) probation of child labor, a 8-hour workday, welfare and health models for laborers, and least wages for female workers; 3) founding of social security (precursor of Social Security); and 4) guard/preservation of national forests (Roosevelt launched the National Park framework) and farming grounds. (Pestritto and
Throughout the Progressive Era, the Federal Government passed a great deal of legislation in efforts to ensure a safer and more efficient nation. The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 modified and strengthened previous policies passed in the Sherman
After the civil war, America was rapidly growing socially and economically. Because of the rapid industrial growth, many businesses were abusing their workers and therefor gave them very low wages. Workers and many other people began to unite and fight for their rights and for the well-being in society. This time period, known as the Progressive era, brought very important social changes and reforms. The Progressive era was very successful because the majority of the changes were to improve the lives of all American workers and to make a beneficial change. The Progressive Era had four main goals; Protecting Social Welfare, Promoting Moral Improvement, Creating Economic Reform, and Fostering Efficiency. The changes took a long period of time to implement and it was not easy making people aware that there was need for change.
Overall multiple acts were provided and enacted during this era, but despite their small, yet significant effects on the nation it wasn’t enough. Roosevelt didn’t completely get rid of trust and monopolies, women’s rights in the Nineteenth amendment wasn’t secure enough and workers would have been better off if they were provided with benefits and if child labor was demolished. The Progressive Era was just the start to something greater and a slow beginning to developing the great nation that we have today.
Civil liberties is a term coined by the United States that guarantees certain rights to the people by the Bill of Rights. Although the Right to Privacy is not officially enumerated into the Constitution, the Supreme Court ruled that citizens do in fact, have the right to their own privacy in their own home and their own beliefs. Privacy rights are an essential part of everyday American lives, in that everyone should be given the right to do whatever they want to do in privacy without anyone judging them or knowing what they have done. The right to privacy can also be considered jeopardizing to society because if someone is doing everything privately, including planning some sort of abomination or is doing something illegal, and the police does not find out, it can cause some serious damage to the society. The Patriot Act was enacted after 9-11 to ensure security among the nation. By doing so, the United States implemented strategies in protecting the people, such as decrease privacy rights that were “given” to the people. Also, in today’s society, iphones have an a setting in which the phone can track your location and so-call “help” you do whatever you need the phone to do. According to the Usatoday’s article, location services through GPS coordinates one’s online post and photos, in that one does not even know they are exposing their private lives to the online world. Although, The right to privacy plays an important role in keeping everyday Americans the will to do whatever they want in private, it may cause potential trouble in keeping everything a secret, even illegal actions.
During class, the Progressive Era from 1890-1916 was discussed. The countless reforms happened in the Progressive Era were bound to be controversial. Nevertheless, based on our study, it was my contention that the Progressive Era was successful on account of the changes made on social welfare and on the role of presidents.
The Progressive Era remains an important time in our society’s history. A time when the middleclass came together to make changes that would affect generations of Americans. This was an era when journalist, photographers, artists and civic minded people who called for reform in politics and government. This was a time when reformers demanded safe working conditions and regulation of big business for men, women and children. This was an era when progressive officials that expanded the role of government to aid society in cleaning up the cities and an era when environmental concerns overcame big business. A time when women made a big difference in child and health issues not to mention the women’s suffrage movement. Progressive reformers instituted many of the programs and policies that we enjoy today as a nation.
Privacy in the Workplace Introduction Technology has developed in leaps and bounds over the past few decades. The case is that the law always has difficulty keeping pace with new issues and technology and the few laws that are enacted are usually very general and obscure. The main topic of this paper is to address the effect of technology on privacy in the workplace. We have to have an understanding of privacy before trying to protect it. Based on the Gift of Fire, privacy has three pieces: freedom from intrusion, control of information about one's self, and freedom from surveillance.1 People's rights have always been protected by the constitution, such as the Fourth Amendment, which protects people from "unreasonable searches and seizures".
In my opinion, ethics give people free will to make right choices. People have free will to make choices that are governed with responsibility, accountability, and liability. We have a responsibility to perform in an ethical manner and be accountable for our choices or actions. Regardless of the circumstances and choices we make, there are consequences if we make the wrong choice. The question of whether an action or choice is ethical or not is fundamentally based on whether something is right or wrong. From an ethical standpoint, unethical choices and risky behavior can lead to increased liabilities. The liabilities result in the loss or damage sustained by a company or other party as result of an unethical and sometimes illegal decision. Although we exercise free will on a continuous basis, we are governed by the decisions we make and my belief is that the decisions we make daily do not just affect us. These decisions affect other people, such as family, friends, coworkers, instructors, neighbors, etc. The most prominent example of ethics can be recognized in the field of technology based on the growing amount of rapidly changing legislation and acts that under consideration in order to protect people from unethical practices.
As aforementioned, in recent years the internet has increased popularity and with that comes some concerns in laws regarding the cloud. Few laws have been created to protect the users of the internet from non consensual use of personal information. “Usually the only legal precedents restricting a company is its own privacy policy but most companies give you a sense of protection without any legality behind it,”(2013, CQ Researcher, Big data and privacy). This is a problem because with no laws or policies protecting the private internet user companies will be able to do what they want with the information and nothing will stop them.