Statement of the Problem The project that the language development research team and I are currently working on is children’s demonstration of imitation to different audiences. The purpose of our study is to investigate children’s tendency to overly imitate others’ actions with observed unnecessary and irrelevant components included in their actions. Because children are surrounded by objects that they must learn to use, one of the most efficient approaches children do this is by imitation (Nielsen & Tomaselli, 2010). In contrast to nonhuman primates, human children focus more on reproducing the specific actions used than on achieving actual outcomes when learning by imitating (Nielsen & Tomaselli, 2010). Starting from 18 months of age, children …show more content…
There are several explanations for it. According to Lyons, Damrosch, Lin, Macris, and Keil (2011), when children observe an adult intentionally demonstrating on a novel object, they may automatically encode all of the actions as causally meaningful. In certain situations that adults include unnecessary actions in intentional demonstrations, children would still show persistent overimitation (Lyons et al., 2011). Another explanation for overimitation is that children are ignorant of the unnecessary actions’ purposes, so they decide that it is normative to carry all of the steps out (Kenward, Karlsson, & Persson, 2011). Other research studies also suggest that a variety of factors influence children’s tendency to overimitate. According to McGuigan, Makinson, and Whiten (2011), copying of irrelevant actions increases with age, with the older children performing the tasks with less efficiency than younger children, suggesting that people may become more imitative as they mature, and selectively imitate particular models with high levels of fidelity (McGuigan et al., 2011). Also, children are more likely to overimitate the demonstrations from an adult versus a child (McGuigan et al., 2011). In addition, children tend to overimitate action when it comes from a knowledgeable teacher versus a naïve demonstrator (Buchsbaum, Gopnik, Griffiths, & Shafto, 2011). In other words, in the pedagogical case children are more likely to overimitate by reproducing the entire demonstrated sequence (Buchsbaum et al.,
Lev Vygotsky Zone of Proximal development explored the idea that children spend significant amount of time learning new words and how to use them in context. He called this stage “self-talk” when a child would talk internally to themselves learn the meaning and then recall the word later in a conversation. A child participating in acting would be able to learn new words from scripts or use words they wouldn’t normally use in their everyday life. Albert Banduras theory’s also being exercised with this activity because the child is watching how other react to what they say and do. They must pay special attention to what they say and do to get the response they want. Bandura believed that how a person acts is based on the environment of the child and their cognitive abilities. So if a child learns now that they will not always get what they want, later down the road their reaction will be different if they see how to react rather than naturally reacting. Here’s an example a child sees another student crying because their ice cream fell on the floor. The child having a meltdown is ignoring the fact that the adult is trying to fix the situation by getting him another scoop while the child observing sees this and recognizes the problem solving skill the adult has. There for later down the line if that child that was watching spills something they will know not to have a melt down because it can be easily fixed. Hence the saying “don’t cry over spilt milk”. As for the painting exercise the child would be working on their cognitive development skills because they would be recognizing how others feel and how they feel. They would also have to exemplify this in their
...lving, and as with it, human nature. New research acknowledges this, and we can expect an emergence of new and revised developmental theories.
Today, a full 61 percent of adults use at least one drug to treat a chronic health problem, a nearly 15 percent rise since 2001. In today’s society doctors around America are abusing the privilege to prescribe medicine. This then causes the issue of overmedication. Americans who are being prescribed drugs that are not needed for them have more risk of side effects. The long-term effects are dangerous and have caused numerous children hospitalized. Americans who are buying treatments for ADHD, depression, and many more disorders have spent over 4 billion dollars in the past year. Prices are increasing because the desires for these drugs are becoming more prevalent. Overmedication is a global issue that is affecting children that come from many different backgrounds and live in many different areas in America.
He has also been focused on the on the ways that people influence behavior, thoughts, and learning of others. His early work; modeling learning through the observation of others. His classic doll experiment in the early 1960s demonstrated that children could mimic novel actions just by seeing an adult engage in them. This challenged existing beliefs that most learning occurred through conditioning or a system of reinforcement or punishment. The finding that learning could occur through simple observation has had significant implications, particularly for the development of children.
...d want to do the right thing, that intention may not translate into behavior (Diamond, 2010; Zelazo, 2010). Therefore, admonishing or punishing children who are not following the rules because of limited executive function is not only ineffective, but leads children who are already often frustrated and discouraged to feel bad about themselves and unsupported. In order to intervene effectively with children, we must diagnose the problem accurately to determine when an issue is due to executive function deficit and not simply adolescent laziness or rebellion.
Explores by behaviorists recognize molding as a widespread learning process. There are two distinct sorts of molding, each yielding an alternate behavioral example:
In one study conducted by Doebel and Zelazo (2013), the experimenter labeled the relevant dimension on the test card. The children were more likely to perform correctly on the post-switch phase (Doebel & Zelazo, 201...
Roebers, C.M., Moga, N., & Schneider, W. (2001). The role of accuracy motivation on children’s and adults’ event recall. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 78, 313-329.
Following the death of eight-year old Victoria Climbié in 2000, the Government asked Lord Laming to conduct an inquiry (Laming, 2003) to help decide whether to introduce new legislation and guidance to improve the child and young protection system in England.
Doing an excessive amount of for your kid, or "over-functioning," is another role that parent’s fall into when they are feeling guilty or remorseful. For example, when they ask their kids to do their chores, they tell them once, twice, thrice, and finally after about six times they simply do it themselves. Alternatively, maybe your kid is trying to complete a school project and crying saying that it is too difficult, and you feel pity and eventually help. It is vital for parents to not step in and rescue your kid from challenges, no matter how difficult they may appear to the kid. Doing an excessive amount to assist your kid through these challenges is simply offering your kids the message that they are not capable, or good enough, or ready to do things on their own. However, it is important to place confidence in them while guiding them.
On occasion there are behaviors that we blame on kids for coming up with, but sometimes they are introduced into their lives via adults. The game “Chubby Bunny” is a perfect example of this.
McCall, R.B., Parke, R.D., & Kavanaugh, R.D. (1977). Imitation of live and televised models by children one to three years of age. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 42, Serial No. 173.
The article, “Bullies and Their Victims”, by Berk (2010) gives an analysis of how bullies and their victims develop, what makes them persistent and how they and their victims can be assisted. Bullying is an activity that thrives mostly in a school setting because of peers and the various cultures and diversities among them. Interactions are inevitable among children, but bullying is destructive because it aims at peer victimisation. Both boys and girls have the ability to become bullies but the majority of them are boys who use physical and verbal attacks on their victims. In the more recent generations, the means of bullying is amplified in the adolescent stage by using electronic means like cyber bullying. Students will rarely like bullies but if they do, it is because of their leadership abilities or influential personalities. Their peers may join or stand by to watch as the victims are bullied.
Shaping, also known as “The method of Success Approximation”, is the process of reinforcing successively closer and closer approximations of a desired terminal behavior. A terminal behavior, in this instance, is the final desired behavior in the trainee or learner. “Shaping” normally begins at a young age. For example, when children begin to grab things in order to stand up, then eventually they learn to stand by themselves without the help of holding onto something, then standing slowly transitions into learning how to walk. They learn these things through positive reinforcements. This is what “shapes” a child’s behavior.
Child abuse is a very serious problem that continues to happen all over the world. The Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act, defines child abuse as a failure to act as a parent or caregiver which results in physical/emotional harm, sexual abuse, and in some cases death. There are many different types of child abuse such as emotional, physical, neglect, and sexual. With each type of abuse there are warning signs you can spot before it is too late. When a child is abused there is a huge possibility that it can cause them to have many long term effects.