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Causes of mental illness Essay
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The chemical imbalance theory falls under the biological perspective of psychology. It aims to explain that the causes of mental illness derive from neurotransmitter imbalances. In many cases people tend to treat their mental disorders with medication to attempt to balance their levels of certain chemicals. For example, someone diagnosed with OCD may treat their symptoms with a medication designed to balance the levels of serotonin in their body. There are a few chemicals that are already associated with mental illnesses and those would be monoamines; dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine. The most common mental onus is associated with the chemical in balance theory would be OCD, depression, and schizophrenia.
The theory originated in 1965
Can there ever be scientific theories in psychology, medicine, or psychiatry? I argue that one approach to answering this question consists of investigating the nature of such purported theories and I focus on the monoamine hypothesis of clinical depression. (1) By a careful examination of a typical experiment involving the action of drugs and placebos for the cure of clinical depression-an experiment founded upon the monoamine hypothesis-I raise a number of methodological and conceptual problems that may lead one to conclude that rigorous scientific theories in these three disciplines may never be forthcoming, or at least that the state of scientific research in these areas is still in very rudimentary shape and in need of much logical and philosophical analysis. In addition, because no such biomedical theories may be forthcoming, I also undercut Adolf Grünbaum's analysis of the concept of a placebo, an analysis that makes the definition of "placebo" relative to a biomedical theory in the first place.
Understanding psychological disorders are very important in human development, the first step is to define what is meant by a disorder. How do psychologists determine that there something is psychologically wrong with a person? What behaviours are abnormal? A psychological disorder, also known as a mental disorder, is a pattern of behavioural or psychological symptoms that impact multiple life areas and/or create distress for the person experiencing these symptoms. A clear sign of abnormal behaviour or mental state is when an individual's behaviour is destructive to themselves or their social group, such as family, friends. Above all psychological disorders create a maladaptive pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours that lead to detriments in relationships and other life areas. There are several ethical issues in treating psychological disorders. There two ways of treating psychological disorders through; psychotherapy this form of treatment involves social interactions between a trained professional (therapist) and client. This is delivered on a one-to-one, face-to-face meeting. Another way of treating psychological disorder is through pharmacological treatments. This is the use of proactive drugs to treat certain disorders. This essay will aim to highlight the pros and cons of using pharmacological and psychological treatments.
Insanity is a medically diagnosed disease that shows that a person is incapable of acknowledging what is right from what is wrong. There are many contributing factors that may lead a person to become insane. Some of these factors include inherited traits, environmental exposures before birth, negative life experiences, and brain chemistry.Inherited traits can lead to insanity because genes that cause such disorders can be passed down amongst relatives and family members. Environmental exposures before birth refers to an unborn child being exposed to viruses, bacteria or even toxins inside the womb, that can be linked to one’s mental illness. Negative life experiences such as the loss of a loved one, experiencing financial problems and being involved in highly stressful situations can play a big role in triggering the mental illnesses or mental breakdowns. Changes in the efficiency of one’s neurotransmitters, whether sensory receptors obtain signals correctly and fluctuations in hormo...
Many clinical psychologists choose to employ a variety of theoretical orientations depending on factors such as setting and the type of mental illness they are treating (Gabbard, 2005; Kemp, 2014). For example, a clinical psychiatrist who is treating someone suffering from severe depression will often use a combination of cognitive behavioral therapy as well as medication to treat the illness (Kemp, 2014). A common belief concerning the prescription of psychiatric medicine is that a drug’s side effects may in fact create new problems (eg. dependency) that the individ...
...t the person may also become addicted to these drugs. Ron would benefit not only from receiving inpatient treatment but also outpatient treatment. Ron would benefit from one on one and group therapy. Involving Ron and his family in AA counseling would help each to better deal with the chances of relapse. There are many psychological disorders that come with their own symptoms, causes and treatments. Schizophrenia, anorexia and drug abuse are three that were discussed in this paper. The benefit in understanding the role nature-nurture play in each disorder may be the key to what causes the disorders. Knowing the neural basis and brain structures involved in the processing of information may help psychologist understand effective treatments. Having an understanding of the bio psychological factors of each disorder may be the key to curing or preventing the disorder.
In this chapter, I apply George Canguelhelm’s critique of positivism to a series of case studies demonstrating the theoretical and practical shortcomings of the chemical imbalance theory as a treatment modality for clinical depression. While the medical model in psychiatry suggests that reversing abnormal brain chemistry by pharmaceuticals corrects depressive symptoms, these case studies explicate Canguelhelm’s critique of the positivist quantity of “normal” as insufficient to account for an objective explanation of depressive pathology. Drawing on his conception of the pathological as a reduction of normativity rather than deviant of statistical normality, I attempt to preserve a holistic concept of depressive symptomatology necessitated by the reification of the chemical imbalance theory in psychiatry. The implications of this perspective as it pertains to the use of psychopharmaceuticals and alternative treatment modalities will be foregrounded and explored in chapter 5.
The psychoanalytic perspective grew out of subsequent psychoanalytic theories (1901, 1924, and 1940) following decades of interactions with clients with the use of an innovative procedure developed by Sigmund Freud that required lengthy verbal interactions with patients during which Freud probed deep into their lives. In a nutshell, the psychoanalytic perspective looked to explain personality, motivation, and psychological disorders by focussing on the influence of early childhood experiences, on unconscious motives and conflicts, and on the methods people use to cope with their sexual and aggressive urges. The Biological perspective on the other hand looks at the physiological bases of behaviour in humans and animals. It proposes that an organism’s functioning can be described in terms of the bodily structures and biochemical processes that cause behaviour. This paper attempts to examine the similarities and differences between the psychoanalytic perspective and the biological perspective with the key focus on the core assumptions and features of these perspectives as well as their individual strengths and weaknesses.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder involves a chemical imbalance in the brain. This chemical imbalance is thought to be the main reason for obsessions and compulsions, although there may be other factors as well. Nearly one in every fifty people suffers from symptoms of OCD ("Escape"), and approximately 5 million Americans are affected by it (George 82+). To be diagnosed with OCD, an individual must suffer from obsessions and compulsions that actually interfere with their daily lives (Lanning 58+).
For example, depression is something people will take medication for, but how can one really distinguish whether somebody is having a bad day, from being truly depressed. Even if a psychiatrist was able to tell the difference, it is still not a good idea that someone has to take a pill (or other means of medications) in order for one to not be depressed. Consequently, that person will become dependent on drugs instead of truly overcoming depression. Joanna Moncrieff, wrote the book “Myth of the Chemical Cure: A Critique of Psychiatric Drugs,” where she states, “It (power) has facilitated the particular form of social control that is embodied in psychiatric practice, by construing psychiatric restraint as the medical cure of a mental disease” (218). Just like Joanna writes, psychiatrists think that putting the person under restraint psychologically restraint is the remedy, but the fact is, all it does is temporarily puts a hold on the problem without fixing it. Joanna further states how people adopted this thinking that psychological problem result from a chemical imbalance
Like most psychological disorders, the exact cause of obsessive-compulsive disorder is a mystery. Scientific research has been used to determine possible causation of OCD. The biological perspective, the leading perspective to explain OCD, looks for physical evidence to determine the reasoning and treatment of a disorder. For OCD, the biological perspective shows evidence of a physical background for the causation such as genetics and an imbalance of chemicals. While there is evidence of a genetic influence over the disorder, OCD is not determined by genetics alone. Twin studies have shown that if one twin has OCD, then the other twin's risk of having OCD 45- 65%. If OCD was determined solely on genetics, then both twins would always have the disorder. The other biological cause of OCD is the brain's chemistry. The brain's chemistry relies on serotonin to communicate between the different sections of the brain. Because OCD responds well to serotonin increasing med...
Medical Model attributes mental illness to physiological, biological or genetic causes. ( Mental Healthcare, 2013) Genetic factors suggest that psychopathology is inherited from parent, through genes. Genes contain instructions for the function of each cell in the body and are sometimes responsible for how we look, act, and think. While, biology causes relates mental illnesses to an abnormal balance of brain chemicals called neurotransmitter. When neurotransmitter.is damaged, messages may not make it through to the brain correctly, or cause injury to certain areas of the brain, leading to symptoms of mental illness. Biological science has also given insight into the causes of some conditions, such as GPI and Alzheimer's disease. (McLeod, 2014) ((Hungerford,2009)
Hollandsworth, James G. (1990). The Physiology of Psychological Disorders. Plenem Press. New York and London. P.111.
Central Idea: Prescription drugs can cause serious mental and physical health problems if they are taken incorrectly or abused.
Human consciousness is driven by simple electrical pulses and varying measures of specified chemicals. Neuroscience at the micro level of psychological studies precisely how the chemistry of the brain affects a person’s mood or behavior. However, ambiguity is a strong catalyst for creativity. There are many times that one simply cannot comprehend what another person is thinking. Though a person’s actions may be reliant upon previous experiences, a neurological approach is to hypothesize that personal and social behavior is entirely dependent on the careful chemical balance within a patient’s nervous system. A fact well known in the medical world is that many minor social or mental disorders are simply an imbalance of the chemicals found
The cause of Clinical depression has long been a mystery to physicians and researchers. Many different theories have been proposed, but no conclusive evidence has been put forth. However, most of what we know about depression stems from the results of certain drugs which have been successful in treating the clinically depressed. These anti--depressants have led to the assumption that depression is most likely due to a chemical imbalance (of neurotransmitters) which somehow leads to the symptoms of depression. To try and write a paper on all the theories of depression would be endless, as would be a study on all the different types of anti-depressants. Therefore I have tried to focus my paper on the serotonin hypothesis for depression, and more specifically how the serotonergic anti-depressants have backed up this theory. Of course, Any paper on serotonin-based anti-depressants must include the popular Prozac. Because of the excitement And controversy surrounding Prozac, I decided to channel most of my paper into the action of this so-called "wonder drug".