C++ Programming
NOTES ON C++ PROGRAMMING
Module 1: Pointers and Memory Management
NOTES ON C++ PROGRAMMING
Module 1: Pointers and Memory Management
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1
OVERVIEW 4
BASIC MEMORY MANAGEMENT 5
GROUP ASSIGNMENT 6
INITIALIZATION 8
CONSTANTS 9
INCREMENT AND DECREMENT OPERATORS 10
ELSE-IF 13
SWITCH 14
LOOPS 15
EXAMPLES OF LOOPS 16
BREAK, CONTINUE 18
RETURN 19
FUNCTION DEFINITION: 21
VOID FUNCTIONS 22
FUNCTIONS RETURNING A VALUE 23
OVERVIEW
Algorithms:
A step-by-step sequence of instructions that describes how to perform a computation.
Answers the question "What method will you use to solve this computational problem?"
Flowcharts:
Provides a pictorial representation of the algorithm using the symbols.
Structure Charts:
Provides a pictorial representation of the modules contained in the program.
Programming Style:
Standard form:
Function names starts in column 1 and is placed with the required parentheses on a line by itself.
The opening brace of the function body follows on the next line and is placed under the first letter of the function name.
The closing brace is placed by itself in column 1 as the last line of the function.
The final form of your programs should be consistent and should always serve as an aid to the reading and understanding of your programs.
Comments:
Explanatory remarks made within a program. Help clarify what the complete program is about, what a specific group of statements is meant to accomplish, or what one line is intended to do.
Top-Down Program Development:
1. Determine the desired output items that the program must produce.
2. Determine the input items
3. Design the program as follows:
a. Select an algorithm for transforming the input items into the desired outputs.
b. Check the chosen algorithm, by hand, using specific input values.
4. Code the algorithm into C.
5. Test the program using selected test data.
BASIC MEMORY MANAGEMENT
Space set aside for the variable:
Characters 1 byte (8 bits)
Pointers 4 bytes
Integers 2 bytes (16 bits) or 4 bytes (32 bits)
Short int or short 2 bytes
Unsigned int or unsigned 2 bytes
Long Integers 4 bytes
Floats 4 bytes(single precision, about 7 decimal places)
Doubles 8 bytes(double precision, about 15 decimal places)
Type Space
a) double *values; __________________ ________________________
b) long x[1000]; __________________ ________________________
c) char *s = "string"; __________________ ________________________
d) char s[] = "string"; __________________ ________________________
e) char *name [10]; __________________ ________________________
3. When quoting, the parentheses, which hold the page number, should come after the quotation marks and the punctuation should come after the parentheses. An example of a correctly cited quote would be “A spell was broken” (251). Instead of “a spell was broken (251)”.
Banning books from public schools and public libraries is wrong. It’s irrational to have a parent or school board member’s opinion determine what a school district should be reading. Books including and not limited to, The Scarlet Letter, The Great Gatsby, To Kill a Mockingbird, The Lord of the Flies, and Animal Farm all have one thing in common. They have all at one time or another been subject to banishment. These literary classics have been around for a long time and proved to be vital to the education of many, especially children and adolescents. These novels teach values and educate children about world affairs that can not come from an everyday experience. These controversial novels encompass the materials that ultimately boost our educational wealth. Banning books infringe
Aim: My aim is to find out how the number of rows and columns in a
For more information about all elements of APA formatting, please consult the APA Style Manual, 6th Edition.
Parenthetical referencing is a citation style in which partial citations are enclosed in parentheses and embedded in the text. Scientific journal articles primarily make use of the “author-date system”. This system includes the authors last name, publication year, and page number(s) when a source is referred to. There are variations in what to put in the parentheses depending on how the source was introduced in-text. For example, Etelälahti and Eriksson’s (2014) use of parenthetical to introduce the author in-text like this, “…in our recent study (Etelälahti and Eriksson, 2013) and the previous study by Johansson et al. (2000)” and “This dose corresponds to the BA content in the commercial product Deca-Durabolin used by Johansson et al. (2000).”
Banned books have been an argument that has been discussed for better or for worse. Whether it's to change its society, to heal the education system, or to increase imagination. People argue that banning book is the best for society, thinking that taking away negative idea will improve communities. In reality it will have a negative impact because it causes rebellious acts, it is why banned books week takes place the last week of september, celebrated in schools and libraries.
Studies have shown that the U.S prison systems are continuing to rise tremendously. Eliciting questions such as, what do we do to those who commit crimes? Since the 1970s, the United States
2. Also when quoting you must always place in parentheses the name of the author and the page on which the quote can be found. This way your readers can look up the quotes for themselves.
The number of incarcerated citizens has risen from around 330,000 in 1980 to nearly 2,000,000 today (Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin, Prisoners of 1990s). The United States has less than 5% of the world’s population, yet the U.S. has around 25% of the population of incarcerated persons (NAACP 1). This has led to an unnecessary overcrowding of our nation’s state and federal prisons. The Vera Institute of Justice has released a study that found the aggregate cost of prisons in 2010 in the 40 states that had participated in the study was around $39 billion dollars; each incarcerated citizen costs each taxpayers nearly $31,286 per inmate (Vera Institute of Justice
The United States prison industry is unlike any other in the world. It is very expensive and is largely ineffective in reducing the crime rate and the rehabilitation of its offenders. The Prison Policy Initiative, a nonprofit organization devoted to finding the hidden impacts of society’s reliance on incarceration, discovered in a recent study that the average incarceration rate for the United States in 2014 was “716 out of 100,000 people”, whereas the rest of the world is around “155 out of 100,000 people” (Wyler). According to a report that examined the catastrophes of mass incarceration released by the White House, the U.S. prison population has increased 220% between 1980 and 2014 despite there being a drastic
Since 2002, the United States has had the highest incarceration rate in the world. In comparison to other countries whose natural rate is a hundred prisoners per one hundred thousand residents, the United States are five hundred prisoners per hundred thousand residents. There are now more people under “correctional supervision” in America, than there were in the Gulag Archipelago under Stalin at its height. Though some believe that the crime rates in the United States have been on a steady decline since 1990, the truth is the incarceration rate in the United States are now at a historically unprecedented level, because low-income individuals are more likely to be victims of crime, the majority of criminal offenders is
The prison system in the United States has long been a topic of debate. Many people view prison as a dark blot on the character of our nation. However, many people view it as a justifiable, necessary evil that maintains the safety of the productive citizens of our society. As prisons are being filled to capacity, these two camps continue to argue whether more prisons should be built, or if the judicial system should relax the sentences upon lesser criminals. These two points, though valid, do nothing to remedy the real situation our nation faces, in dealing with an ever increasing prison population. While the number of people incarcerated has continued to rise, it has done little to curb the actual crime rate in America. This will continue
The U.S. corrections system has had a long history of being the most progressive in the world. It has been the model for many corrections systems around the world. From the invention of the modern prisons to the mission of Rehabilitation and modern probation. Even for most of the nineteenth and twenty century, the U.S. corrections remained in the lead for having the best ways to deal with offenders. However, even with all of the advances in the corrections system the U.S. is now know for having one of the most populated prisons in the world. In fact, since 1973, the U.S. imprisonment rate has increased from under 100 people per 100,000 to almost 500 per 100,000 (American Corrections, 2016).
As such, this book plays an imperative role in determining the success of an organization as it gives core values and strategies that the corporate management of an organization can adopt in order to ensure maximum output from its workforce. Organizational behavior refers to the manner and style by which the employees of the organization conduct themselves, their attitude towards work, as well as their productivity and responsibility at their work place. The behavioral approach taken by the workforce of the organization determines the success of an organization. The authors through the book expound on the benefits of having a functional workforce that embraces and upholds the objectives and doctrines of the organization. Furthermore, analysts argue that the most important assets that an organization can have in order to ensure a competitive advantage is its experienced, professional, and above all, dedicated employees willing and ready to give their all for the success of the
The Japanese culture has distinct features that differentiate it from any other culture. This essay provided typical examples of Japanese culture and tradition by explaining the concept of Geisha’s, Japanese cuisine, Manga as well as political and economic factors that have assisted in shaping the environment of Japan today. To conclude, this essay provided Hofstede and Hall’s theories on cross cultural communication and implications. These theories were used to identify the cultural differences in the remarkable culture that is Japan.