CHAPTER 1 :
INTRODUCTION
Benoit Mandelbrot (1924-2010), scientist and mathematician who also worked at IBM, is known as the father of fractal geometry. Mandelbrot coined the word fractal in the late 1970s. Before the invention of computers, Fractals have come up as an important question. Fractal is a set, which is self–similar under magnification.[27] It is, however, remarked that many of the fractals and their similes go back to traditional mathematics and mathematicians of the past like George Cantor(1872), Giuseppe Peano(1890), David Hilbert(1891), HelgeVon Koch(1904), Waclaw Sierpinski(1916), Gaston Julia (1918), Felix Hausdorff (1919) and others.
“… that they are representations of relatively simple yet extremely powerful mathematical concepts, concepts that are well on the way to explaining and predicting behavior of many dynamical of nonlinear systems such as regulation of heartbeats, fluid turbulence, population growth, propagation of genes and weather cycles, to name just a few”.
Fractal Theory is an exciting branch of applicable Mathematics and Computer Science. There are many kind of fractals and
…show more content…
Fractals essentially have the property of ‘Self-Similarity’ i.e. a fractal is a never ending pattern that repeats itself at different scales either strictly or statistically. According to Srinivas Jampala, strictly self-similar fractals do not change their shape significantly when viewed under a microscope of arbitrary magnifying power. Whereas for statistically self-similar fractals, when a small part of it is magnified results into a fractal. This type of fractal is apparently but not exactly similar to the original fractal itself.[23] Due to this property, zooming-in or zooming-out several number of times in a fractal image would not make much difference in its appearance. Following figure shows the steps to generate snowflake curve and Sierpinski triangle with the help of fractal
James Gleick was quoted by Yeongmahn You, where he stated that “fractal means self-similarity; self-similarity is symmetry across scale. It implies recursion, pattern inside of pattern”. In other words self-similarity is a repetition of the detail that present from the smallest to the largest scale, therefor creating a hidden pattern of order that has structure and regularity (Gleick 1987:103).
... relationship in one problem that doesn’t appear in others. Among all of this, there is such vastness in how one person might approach a problem compared to another, and that’s great. The main understanding that seems essential here is how it all relates. Mathematics is all about relationships between number and methods and models and how they all work in different ways to ideally come to the same solution.
Nevertheless, that day followed me, and I tried to understand more about fractals through the resources I already had at my disposal-- through courses I was taking. Sophomore year, through my European History and Architecture courses, I learned about many ancient architectural feats-- Stonehenge, the Pyramids of Giza, the Parthenon, many Gothic Cathedrals, and the Taj Mahal-- and that they all somehow involved the use of the golden ratio. I will come back to how this relates to fractals later in the article, but for now know that each of these buildings use different aspects of their design to form the golden ratio. I was intrigued by the fact that fractals, what seemed to be something only formed by the forces of nature, were being constructed by human hands. Although I wanted badly to find out more, I waited until that summer, when I discovered a YouTube account by the name of Vihart. Vihart’s videos are not tutorials on how to do math, however Vihart’s ramblings about the nature and the concepts of the mathematical world have a lot of educational value, especially on topics that are more complicated to understand then to compute. Her videos on fractal math and their comparability to nature, helped to show me that...
It teaches us to expect the unexpected. A famous example of chaos theory, referred to as the "butterfly effect, “postulates that the beat of a butterfly's wing could trigger a breath of breeze
K. C. Cole pushes this idea by explaining how math applies to every imaginable thing in the universe, and how mathematicians are, in a sense, scientists. She also uses quotes to promote the coolness of math: "Understanding is a lot like sex," states the first line of the book. This rather blunt analogy, as well as the passage that explains how bubbles meet at 120-degree angles, supports Cole's theory that math can be applied to any subject. This approach of looking at commonplace objects and activities in a new way in order to associate them with math makes Cole's comparison of mathematicians with scientists easier to understand. It requires one to look at mathematicians not just as people who know lots of facts and formulas, but rather as curious people who use these formulas to understand the world around them.
The design elements of the painting are different compared to most paintings because it is an abstract expressionism. Since there is not distinct lines in the painting, I believe this painting can be described as having chaotic
Wigner, Eugene P. 1960. The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics. Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 13: 1-14.
Born in the Netherlands, Daniel Bernoulli was one of the most well-known Bernoulli mathematicians. He contributed plenty to mathematics and advanced it, ahead of its time. His father, Johann, made him study medicine at first, as there was little money in mathematics, but eventually, Johann gave in and tutored Daniel in mathematics. Johann treated his son’s desire to lea...
Fibonacci was born in approximately 1175 AD with the birth name of Leonardo in Pisa, Italy. During his life he went by many names, but Leonardo was the one constant. Very little is known of his early life, and what is known is only found through his works. Leonardo’s history begins with his father’s reassignment to North Africa, and that is where Fibonacci’s mathematical journey begins. His father, Guilielmo, was an Italian man who worked as a secretary for the Republic of Pisa. When reassigned to Algeria in about 1192, he took his son Leonardo with him. This is where Leonardo first learned of arithmetic, and was interested in the “Hindu-Arabic” numerical style (St. Andrews, Biography). In 1200 Leonardo ended his travels around the Mediterranean and returned to Pisa. Two years later he published his first book. Liber Abaci, meaning “The Book of Calculations”.
If you have ever heard the phrase, “I think; therefore I am.” Then you might not know who said that famous quote. The author behind those famous words is none other than Rene Descartes. He was a 17th century philosopher, mathematician, and writer. As a mathematician, he is credited with being the creator of techniques for algebraic geometry. As a philosopher, he created views of the world that is still seen as fact today. Such as how the world is made of matter and some fundamental properties for matter. Descartes is also a co-creator of the law of refraction, which is used for rainbows. In his day, Descartes was an innovative mathematician who developed many theories and properties for math and science. He was a writer who had many works that explained his ideas. His most famous work was Meditations on First Philosophy. This book was mostly about his ideas about science, but he had books about mathematics too. Descartes’ Dream: The World According to Mathematics is a collection of essays talking about his views of algebra and geometry.
Leonardo da Vinci was one of the greatest mathematicians to ever live, which is displayed in all of his inventions. His main pursuit through mathematics was to better the understanding and exploration of the world. He preferred drawing geographical shapes to calculate equations and create his inventions, which enlisted his very profound artistic ability to articulate his blueprints. Leonardo Da Vinci believed that math is used to produce an outcome and thus Da Vinci thought that through his drawings he could execute his studies of proportional and spatial awareness demonstrated in his engineering designs and inventions.
Pierre de Fermat Pierre de Fermat was born in the year 1601 in Beaumont-de-Lomages, France. Mr. Fermat's education began in 1631. He was home schooled. Mr. Fermat was a single man through his life. Pierre de Fermat, like many mathematicians of the early 17th century, found solutions to the four major problems that created a form of math called calculus. Before Sir Isaac Newton was even born, Fermat found a method for finding the tangent to a curve. He tried different ways in math to improve the system. This was his occupation. Mr. Fermat was a good scholar, and amused himself by restoring the work of Apollonius on plane loci. Mr. Fermat published only a few papers in his lifetime and gave no systematic exposition of his methods. He had a habit of scribbling notes in the margins of books or in letters rather than publishing them. He was modest because he thought if he published his theorems the people would not believe them. He did not seem to have the intention to publish his papers. It is probable that he revised his notes as the occasion required. His published works represent the final form of his research, and therefore cannot be dated earlier than 1660. Mr. Pierre de Fermat discovered many things in his lifetime. Some things that he did include: -If p is a prime and a is a prime to p then ap-1-1 is divisible by p, that is, ap-1-1=0 (mod p). The proof of this, first given by Euler, was known quite well. A more general theorem is that a0-(n)-1=0 (mod n), where a is prime...
Between 1850 and 1900, the mathematics and physics fields began advancing. The advancements involved extremely arduous calculations and formulas that took a great deal of time when done manually.
It is constructed by taking an equilateral triangle, and after many iterations of adding smaller triangles to increasingly smaller sizes, resulting in a "snowflake" pattern, sometimes called the von Koch snowflake. The theoretical result of multiple iterations is the creation of a finite area with an infinite perimeter, meaning the dimension is incomprehensible. Fractals, before that word was coined, were simply considered above mathematical understanding, until experiments were done in the 1970's by Benoit Mandelbrot, the "father of fractal geometry". Mandelbrot developed a method that treated fractals as a part of standard Euclidean geometry, with the dimension of a fractal being an exponent. Fractals pack an infinity into "a grain of sand".
Sometimes there are theories that have to do with machines that do not exist and usually have things in them that are infinite and they usually work with letters and numbers.