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Westward expansion and american indian removal
How will the removal of Indians impact westward expansion
Westward expansion and american indian removal
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The Battle of Horseshoe Bend was significant in the expansion of the United States for three reasons: It eliminated significant resistance among the Indians in the Southeastern portion of the United States (east of the Mississippi River), it propelled Andrew Jackson to national fame, and with the eventual victory of the Americans in the War of 1812, dashed any lingering British hopes of dominating the continent; thereby accelerating the westward movement (expansion) of the American Frontier.1
The Battle of Horseshoe Bend was the culmination of the Creek War between white settlers who wished to colonize (settle) their lands. For years, Tennesseans and Georgians looked with envy at the potential of the fertile lands that would one day become the Cotton Belt of Alabama.2 This battle completely wiped out the Creek Indians, and would foretell what would happen to the rest of the southeastern Indians. Months later at the Treaty of Fort Jackson, the Creek Indians ceded 22 Million Acres of land. This accelerated the
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Grant in the American Civil War. The Indian uprising and the start of the Creek War saved Jackson’s military career. After the battle he was promoted to Major General in the Regular Army. Less than a year later, in January 1815, he defeated the British at The Battle of New Orleans. This further enhanced his standing on the national level, and in 1828 was elected President of The United States. As president, he was one of the leading advocates for the removal of Indians from their native lands in favor of white settlement; thus setting the stage for further expansion of the United States. In 1831, against the decision of the United State Supreme Court, he forced the remaining members of “The Five Civilized Tribes” to move west of the Mississippi River to “Indian Territory”, what today is
Throughout Jackson's two terms as President, Jackson used his power unjustly. As a man from the Frontier State of Tennessee and a leader in the Indian wars, Jackson loathed the Native Americans. Keeping with consistency, Jackson found a way to use his power incorrectly to eliminate the Native Americans. In May 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed into law the Indian Removal Act. This act required all tribes east of the Mississippi River to leave their lands and travel to reservations in the Oklahoma Territory on the Great Plains. This was done because of the pressure of white settlers who wanted to take over the lands on which the Indians had lived. The white settlers were already emigrating to the Union, or America. The East Coast was burdened with new settlers and becoming vastly populated. President Andrew Jackson and the government had to find a way to move people to the West to make room. In 1830, a new state law said that the Cherokees would be under the jurisdiction of state rather than federal law. This meant that the Indians now had little, if any, protection against the white settlers that desired their land. However, when the Cherokees brought their case to the Supreme Court, they were told that they could not sue on the basis that they were not a foreign nation. In 1832, though, on appeal, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokees were a "domestic dependent nation," and therefore, eligible to receive federal protection against the state. However, Jackson essentially overruled the decision. By this, Jackson implied that he had more power than anyone else did and he could enforce the bill himself. This is yet another way in which Jackson abused his presidential power in order to produce a favorable result that complied with his own beliefs. The Indian Removal Act forced all Indians tribes be moved west of the Mississippi River. The Choctaw was the first tribe to leave from the southeast.
The colonist had introduced different types of work to the Creek tribes helping push them to a more civilized nature. Creeks adopted new farming techniques, new religions, and ways of life. Their relationship seemed to be good, but after the American Revolution the colonist learned more about the land the Creeks had owned. The push for migration into Creek territory became a major focus. The U.S. government tried to place laws and regulations of settlers into Creek territory, but these limits could only do so much. Creek territory was being overrun by settlers and sold illegally and there was not much they could do about it. Thus, the Creeks turned to fighting back, causing the relationship they had to crumble even more. Eventually the Creeks would be completely overrun and would be pushed out of their land once
The Second Battle of Bull Run took place in Prince William County Virginia near Manassas August 28th through August 30th in 1862. As the name of the battle suggest, it was the second time the Confederate and Union soldiers had fought at Bull Run. The first battle was in July of 1861 and the Confederate troops defeated the Federal Union Army. The Second Battle of Bull Run was led by the Union’s Major General John Pope and the Confederate Army was led by General Robert E. Lee.
In 1812 a war began. Jackson was elected the general of Tennessee Militia in 1802. Then the troops were needed on the southern and western frontiers, the War Department sent Jackson along with Tennessee Militia. Jackson became a war hero, in doing so, he surprisingly defended New Orleans against a full-scale attack by the British forcing them to withdraw form Louisiana. The unexpected victory launched an enormous sense of national pride as America began to realize its true potential.
... the unwilling tribes west of the Mississippi. In Jackson’s letter to General John Coffee on April 7, 1832, he explained that the Cherokees were still in Georgia, and that they ought to leave for their own benefit because destruction will come upon them if they stay. By 1835, most eastern tribes had unwillingly complied and moved west. The Bureau of Indian Affairs was created in 1836 to help out the resettled tribes. Most Cherokees rejected the settlement of 1835, which provided land in the Indian territory. It was not until 1838, after Jackson had left office, that the U.S. Army forced 15,000 Cherokees to leave Georgia. The hardships on the “trail of tears” were so great that over 4,000 Cherokees died on their heartbreaking westward journey. In conclusion, the above statement is valid and true. The decision the Jackson administration made to remove the Cherokee Indians to lands west of the Mississippi River was a reformulation of the national policy. Jackson, along with past Presidents George Washington, James Monroe, and Thomas Jefferson, tried to rid the south of Indians This process of removing the native people was continuous as the years went on.
The Battle of Tippecanoe was fought during the early morning hours of November 7, 1811, on a tree-covered knoll just outside of modern day Prophetstown, Indiana. American forces, under the command of William Henry Harrison, were attacked by a band of Indian tribes unified by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh. A relatively minor battle, in comparison to others remembered in American History, this small battle proved to play a significant role in the shaping of the newly formed country. Debatable among historians regarding the constructive effects of the battle against its negative repercussions , its importance is unmistakable. Ultimately, the results of this day would bring to an end any prospect for a United Indian Confederation, and never again would the Native Americans be able to effectively challenge American expansion.
In May 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act which forced Native American tribes to move west. Some Indians left swiftly, while others were forced to to leave by the United States Army. Some were even taken away in chains. Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the United States, strongly reinforced this act. In the Second State of the Union Address, Jackson advocated his Indian Policy. There was controversy as to whether the removal of the Native Americans was justified under the administration of President Andrew Jackson. In my personal opinion, as a Native American, the removal of the tribes was not in any way justified.
The relationship between Andrew Jackson and the Natives would not be known until the next war. Now earning the title General, Andrew Jackson has a personal relationship with the Native Americans that goes back to the Creek Wars during the War of 1812. When Andrew Jackson found out that the United States declared war on the British, he was ‘overjoyed.” In a letter from Andrew Jackson to George Colbert the chieftain of the Chickasaws on June 5, 1812, he demanded information of the massacre of whites and where the captives were. Also there were friendly relations between Jackson and Colbert when he said “friend and brother,” “friendship will stop,” “your father the President,” ‘the white people will do no wrong to the Indians.” However he said that, “if they [Creeks] are not given up, the whole creek nation shall be covered with blood: fire shall consume their Towns and villages: and their lands shall be divided among the whites.” This letter indicates that he was friendly with some Native Americans and only wanted to go after Indians who did harm to
The Indian removal was so important to Jackson that he went back to Tennessee to have the first negotiations in person. He gave the Indians a couple simple alternatives. Alternatives like to submit to state authority, or migrate beyond the Mississippi. Jackson Offered generous aid on one hand and while holding the threat of subjugation in the other. The Chickasaws and Choctaws submitted quickly. The only tribe that resisted until the end was the Cherokees. President Jackson’s presidency was tarnished by the way the U.S. government handled the Native Americans. Although financially, and economically Jackson truly was a good leader, some people view him in a negative way because of the “Indian Removal Act.”
There was one obstacle to the settlers to expand into the lower South. The obstacle was the Indian tribes such as the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chicasaw, and Seminole nations (Indian Removal 1). According to the white settlers, the nations were in the way of the white’s progress. The whites wanted this land because they needed it to grow cotton, which was making a huge profit (Indian Removal 1). With money on the settler’s minds, the settlers asked the government to gain the Indian Territory. Andrew Jackson agreed with the settlers and pushed for the Indians removal (Indian Removal 1). For instance, in 1814, Andrew Jackson made military forces defeat parts of the Creek nation (Indian Removal 1). The Creek nation lost twenty-two million acres in Georgia and Alabama (Indian Removal 1). When the United States found out that the Seminoles were holding fugitive slaves, the United States decided to take more land as the Seminoles punishment (Indian Removal
Southerners appealed to Jackson because they expected him to help remove the Indians living in the region. Even after the victory in the Creek War of 1814, many Native Americans remained in the South. Americans viewed the land Indians lived on as a way to produce wealth, and wanted to take the land for themselves. When Georgia, Mississippi, and Alabama tried to seize the land held by Native Americans, the Indians
In 1830, President Andrew Jackson passed the Indian Removal Act. This let him negotiate with the Native Americans for their lands. Although the si...
In 1814, he became a national hero by killing eight hundred Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. When the Indians like the Cherokee fought back or rebelled in ways that are insignificant in comparison to the Revolutionary War, whole villages were destroyed (page 130). Much like Southern Paternalism, wherein supporters of slavery justified it by claiming slavery benefited everyone involved, Andrew Jackson claimed, “We bleed our enemies in such eases to give them their senses.” (Page 127) This was Jackson’s response after signing the treaty of the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, which took away half the land of the Creek nation and was, "the largest single Indian cession of southern American land. It took land from Creeks who had fought with Jackson as well as those who had fought against him.” (Page 129) His justification was that they were bettering the Indians, allowing them easier lifestyles because they were introducing them to modern civilization. What I don’t understand is how come groups like the American Antislavery Society that we learned about in Chapter 15, did not fight for the rights of the Indians. Their arguments included that it was inhumane to enslave others; when did it become humane to punish others to fight for their land and
At the time Andrew Jackson was president, there was a fast growing population and a desire for more land. Because of this, expansion was inevitable. To the west, many native Indian tribes were settled. Andrew Jackson spent a good deal of his presidency dealing with the removal of the Indians in western land. Throughout the 1800’s, westward expansion harmed the natives, was an invasion of their land, which led to war and tension between the natives and America, specifically the Cherokee Nation.
The settlers worried that the Creeks would join the British and go against the them, so led by General Andrew Jackson they set out to destroy the Creeks. On August 30th, 1813 the Creeks launched a surprised attack against the people of Fort Mims, killing over 200 people. This enraged General Jackson had vowed his revenge against the Creeks and when talking to his soldiers he said “you will teach the cannibals who reveled in the carnage of our unoffending Citizens at Fort Mims that the thunder of our arms is more terrible then the Earthquake of their Prophets, and that Heaven Dooms to inevitable destruction the wretch who Smiles at the torture he inflicts and who neither spares female innocence, declining age nor helpless infancy”.(Takaki, 2008, p. 80) General Jackson and his army of 3,000 soldiers along with all their arms and even a cannon marched to the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in what we now know as Tohopeka Alabama. Jackson arrived with his soldiers on March 27th, 1814 where they out numbered the Creek Indians 3:1. Jackson wanted one thing, revenge, and he would not stop until the Creek Nation was destroyed. He and his soldiers ended up killing almost all of the 800 Creeks that were there, even some women and children we killed. After Jackson’s army killed almost all of the Creeks they did horrible things to the bodies, like making reins from their