Throughout research studies in conducted in the United States, African Americans score highest when compared to other ethnic groups. In a study conducted examining the social, psychological well-being in African American college students, it was found that, consistent with research, African Americans scored on the high end of the self-esteem scale and being significantly higher than Whites (p<.01). No self-esteem differences were observed for the participants who put more or less stock in their ethnic identity. The personal identity variable did not show significant relation to self-esteem (Reitzes & Jaret, 2007). Black participants also scored higher on self-esteem scales in a study conducted in 2012. (Zeigler-Hill, Wallace, & Myers, 2012). …show more content…
Study 1 examined self-esteem as it applies to race and also the domains on which it is based. Contingent self-esteem was measured using the Contingencies of Self-Worth Scale (CSWS). As seen in other studies, African Americans scored higher on the self-esteem scale than whites. On the CSWS, whites reported higher scores in family love and support, outdoing others in competition, physical appearance, virtue, and other’s approval; Blacks scored higher on God’s love; and there was no difference found for academic competence (Zeigler-Hill, …show more content…
This study found that the rejection of positive stereotypes and acceptance of negative stereotypes were negatively and significantly related to self-esteem and positively correlated with each other. Racial group closeness, gender, and skin tone were found to be strongly and closely related to Black adult’s self-esteem. Participants who felt close to other Blacks were found to be likely to report high self-esteem and also it was found that Blacks who felt low and medium levels of closeness tended to report an increase in self-esteem upon accepting negative stereotypes. As found in Twenge and Crocker 2002, location or region was found to be related to self-esteem and participants who lived in the south were found to have high self-esteem when compared to participants in the North East or North Central States. The majority of Black participants in this study reported self-esteem above a 3.0 on a 1 to 4 scale (Brown, Sellers, & Gomez,
Tatum examines what “Blackness,” means in a predominately white society and explores reasons why black adolescents begin to believe that they are inferior or in other words “not normal” in society, especially in academics where some black adolescents claim that “doing well in school is often identified as being White” (para. 30) which leads them to not give their education their maximum effort in the fear of being labeled as “too white” or simply just “not black”. She uses her son’s personal experiences as well as typical stories of how blacks are misunderstood in order to educate the reader as to how black people eventually develop a self-identity based on the implications of society and the situations that surround them. This can be seen when she says, “The stereotypes, omissions, and distortions that reinforce notions of White superiority are breathed in by Black children as well as white” (para. 10). In this quote Tatum further examines what “Whiteness” means in the same context and explains that since American society associates White people to be the normality, they are not able to create a well-balanced self-identity without it being based off of racial
Decades of research has shown us that African Americans have been depressed for hundreds of years. Although the Declaration of Independence states “All men are created equal,” that rule did not apply to African Americans. By the end of the Civil War more than 180,000 black soldiers were in the United States Military. After the Civil War, many Africa...
Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., & Holder, A. (2008). Racial microaggressions in the life experience of Black Americans. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 39(3), 329.
"African American Communities and Mental Health." Mental Health America. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 May 2014. .
being black and being a woman. Scholars convey that African American women are involved in what’s called the “double threat” where membership in more than one oppressed social group results in cumulative risk outcomes (Brown 2000; Chavous et. al 2004; Childs 2005; Steele 1992; 1997). Black women may also experience stress due to unrealistic stereotypes. For example, research has revealed that black women experience “double threat” when they apply for housing from a white landlord. Results conclude that white landlords perceive black women as the “black single mother” stereotype, therefore they refuse to provide them with adequate housing (Iceland and Wilkes 2006; Roscigno et al. 2009). Black women actively seek to resist the positive and negative stereotypes for fear that embodying them will result in validation of those categorizations (Chavous et al. 2004; Fries-Britt & Griffin 2007; Rollock, Gillborn, Vincent & Ball 2011; Settles 2006; Steele 1997). Black women may not have intended to perpetuate stereotypes in the presence of others, but are subjected to social pressures to normalize these stereotypes for others and pigeonhole themselves in counteractive representations of black women (Childs 2005; Wilkins 2012). Steele (1992) described this process as “stereotype threat” which occurs when individuals perceive that negative stereotypes about their group as
Race has been a controversial issue throughout history and even more so today. The idea of race has contributed to the justifications of racial inequality and has led to the prejudice and discrimination of certain racial groups. Race and racism were constructed to disadvantage people of color and to maintain white power in America. Today, race has been the center of many political changes and actions that have affected people of color. The idea of race has played a role in how people from different racial groups interact amongst each other. Interactions within one’s own racial group are more common than interactions among other racial groups, at least in my own experiences. Therefore, because I have been positioned to surround myself with people from my own racial group since a very young age, I have internalized that being around my own racial group is a normal and natural occurrence.
Ghettos, low-riders, hip-hop, rap, drugs and crime, it has got to be a Black man right? Saggy pants, unintelligible language, lazy, and the lists continue to both stereotype and describe Blacks. Do Black Americans perpetuate their own discrimination? Are Black Americans creating their own low status in society? Black people around the world have been hypnotized into believing all their failures in life are due to discrimination, but are they correct? Blacks are often their own worst enemies, often the cause of their own disasters, and many don’t see that until it’s too late, if ever. Discrimination and prejudice are imposed upon Blacks, often because the culture they live in is not “acceptable” to the dominant society. On the other hand, an understandable reason for Blacks actions is often due to unattainable opportunities towards the American Dream.
Low self-esteem is caused in childhood, the separating of mothers from their children. This happened often during slavery and is passed on from generation to generation. These adults suffer from lack of love and commitment. Blacks who suffer from neurosis also tend to have an overwhelming sense of helplessness and a wide range of
Racial Identity Theory consists of five assumptions: Every member of society belongs to one or more groups of people; Belonging to a group influences a person’s worldview; The United States is a race centered society and operates on a hierarchy of racial groups; A racist social environment influences the process of racial identity development; As one develops socially, one grapples with racial identity (Brown et al., 1996; Helms, 1984, 1990, 1995; Parker, 1998; Ponterotto, 1993; Pope-Davis & ...
I am a small town, young African American girl. I know first hand how racial stereotypes can affect someone 's life in a negative way. In the essays “Living in Two Worlds” by Marcus Mabry and “Black Men and Public Space” by Brent Staples both authors explore the effects of racial stereotypes, using notably many similarities and differences throughout each essay.
Cokley, Kevin. "The Impact of College Racial Composition on African American Students' Academic Self-Concept: A Replication and Extension." Journal of Negro Education 71.4 (2002): 288-96. JSTOR. Web.
Everyone is raised within a culture with a set of customs and morals handed down by those generations before them. Most individual’s view and experience identity in different ways. During history, different ethnic groups have struggled with finding their place within society. In the mid-nineteen hundreds, African Americans faced a great deal of political and social discrimination based on the tone of their skin. After the Civil Rights Movement, many African Americans no longer wanted to be identified by their African American lifestyle, so they began to practice African culture by taking on African hairdos, African-influenced clothing, and adopting African names. By turning away from their roots, many African Americans embraced a culture that was not inherited, thus putting behind the unique and significant characteristics of their own inherited culture. Therefore, in an African American society, a search for self identity is a pervasive theme.
I have heard a white person tell a black person, that he or she does not act black. I have also heard the statement, “I am not racist, I have a lot of black friends.” When I hear statements like these, it makes me think that people are trying to negatively compare white and black people, even if they are not meaning to. Although I wish we could combat prejudice in the society, I don’t think that we can ever truly stop it, and racism will always be a problem in America” (Friedman, 2007). Unless people stop forming negative stereotypes about different races other than their own, prejudice and discrimination towards races will always be apparent, and passed down to
For my senior thesis research, I examined the relationship of African self-consciousness and psychological well-being in college students of African descent. I found that these participants had very high levels of African self-consciousness, however, they displayed low levels of psychological well-being. An understanding of Black cultural identity, heritage, and experiences that sustained Black life were revealed as factors that contributed to a high level of African self-consciousness. This suggests that students who attend Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) tend to have higher African self-consciousness because they have been immersed in their history and culture. The atmosphere at HBCUs allows the students to feel embraced and accepted for who they are, without apology. I presented a poster on these findings at the Association of African Black Psychologists Student Circle conference, emphasizing that efforts should be directed towards educating African Americans about their cultural identity and the benefits of being in tune with yourself
The oppression that African American individuals endured for years, is still being practice with racial discrimination and prejudice. One strength of identifying as African American is the increase of belongingness that gave me the ability to share and live amongst individuals with the same physical appearance and in some cases, the same obstacles. However, this was not always the case. Growing into an adult gave me the advantage to travel and meet other African Americans that I believed shared some of the same historical and ethnic background. In this time period I was introduced to what is called within-group differences, which is the differences among the members of a group (Organista, 2010). Wanting to be around individuals that I believed to have a common core with was one of my flaws, but while traveling with individuals that I thought was like me I experienced that I had nothing in common with some of my travel friends. One of my friends stated that we had nothing in common with each other, because of our different social economic status, education and employment. At first I was offended, however, after taking psychology of ethnic groups in the United States there was a sense of understanding that not all individuals that look alike, are alike. This assumption that all groups function