Acquired apraxia of speech (AOS) is a motor speech disorder. AOS affects an individual’s ability to motor plan. Individuals with AOS have difficulty saying what they want to say correctly and consistently. These individuals struggle with putting sounds and syllables together in the correct order to produce words. AOS most commonly occurs in adults, though it can affect an individual of any age. The most frequent etiology of AOS is a cerebrovascular accident also known as a stroke (Duffy, 2013). AOS can also result from a traumatic brain/head injury, a brain tumor, or other illness that affects the brain. AOS is the result of cortical and/or subcortical damage/lesion to the left hemisphere of the brain (McNeil, Robin, & Schmidt, 2009). A person with acquired apraxia of speech may also have dysarthria; a motor execution disorder or aphasia; a language disorder, since these disorders often coincide with one another.
The primary speech characteristics that a person with AOS is likely to possess include; distributed prosody, a slow speech rate resulting in drawn out sound segments and intersegment durations, and frequent speech sound errors. The articulatory errors made by individuals with AOS mainly consist of distortions, omissions, repetitions and substitutions (Peach, 2004). Bilabial and lingual-alveolar phoneme errors as well as errors in affricates and fricatives appear more often than sounds involving other places and manners of production (Peach, 2004). The phoneme errors that people with AOS have tend to be very inconsistent. Errors are not always in the same sounds and the type of errors are not continuously the same in the same utterance (Peach, 2004). Additional speech behaviors that commonly occur with AOS include; diff...
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...a metronome to help the rate of syllable production. Results of this study varied for different subjects. While repeated practice treatment improved articulation, the rate/rhythm control treatment had limited benefits for some subjects (Wambaugh, Nessler, Cameron & Mauszycki, 2012). This approach differs from SPT in several ways. SPT is used to target production errors that are common in AOS while rate/rhythm control concentrates on increasing speech rate. SPT relies on modeling, repetition, placement cues and extensive feedback in order to elicit correct productions. Rate/rhythm control relies on instruments such as a metronome or pacing board and provides little feedback about the client’s articulatory errors. Based on the abovementioned results, sound production treatment appears to be a more effective treatment approach to use with individuals with AOS.
Broca's Aphasia occurs from damage to the inferior frontal gyrus and affects speech production, which is why it is sometimes referred to as "non-fluent aphasia." People with Broca's aphasia are completely aware of their inability to produce speech fluently, so they often become frustrated.
CAS is a very specific disorder with a very specific profile, and is thus different from “typical” speech sound disorders. The hypothesis of CAS in ASD (the CAS-ASD hypothesis) is that “CAS contributes to the inappropriate speech, prosody, and/or voice features reported in some children and adults with verbal ASD” (Shriberg et al., 2011, p. 405). For this to be true, the speech, prosody, and voice findings in children with ASD must not only be unusual or disordered, but they must also fit into the particular profile of CAS.
Flaccid dysarthria results from damage to the lower motor neurons (LMN) or the peripheral nervous system (Hageman, 1997). The characteristics of flaccid dysarthria generally reflect damage to cranial nerves with motor speech functions (e.g., cranial nerves IX, X, XI and XII) (Seikel, King & Drumright, 2010). Lower motor neurons connect the central nervous system to the muscle fibers; from the brainstem to the cranial nerves with motor function, or from the anterior horns of grey matter to the spinal nerves (Murdoch, 1998). If there are lesions to spinal nerves and the cranial nerves with motor speech functions, it is indicative of a lower motor neuron lesion and flaccid dysarthria. Damage to lower motor neurons that supply the speech muscles is also known as bulbar palsy (Pena-Brooks & Hedge, 2007). Potential etiologies of flaccid dysarthria include spinal cord injury, cerebrovascular accidents, tumors or traumatic brain injury (Pena-Brooks & Hedge, 2007). Possible congenital etiologies of flaccid dysarthria include Moebius syndrome and cerebral palsy. Flaccid dysarthria can also arise from infections such as polio, herpes zoster, and secondary infections to AIDS (Pena-Brooks & Hedge, 2007). Additionally, demyelinating diseases such as Guilian-Barre syndrome and myotonic muscular dystrophy can also lead to flaccid dysarthria (Pena-Brookes & Hedge, 2007). The lower motor neuron lesion results in loss of voluntary muscle control, and an inability to maintain muscle tone. Fasciculations, or twitching movements, may occur if the cell body is involved in the lesion (Seikel et. al., 2010). The primary speech characteristics of flaccid dysarthria include imprecise consonant production, hypernasal resonance, breathiness, and harsh voice (...
McHenry, M. A. (2003). The effect of pacing strategies on the variability of speech movement
Establishment consisted of teaching the children correct placement of articulators to produce the targeted speech sound across all word positions. The randomized-variable practice began once the child could produce the sound 80% of the time in certain syllables. It usually took children 1-5 sessions to complete the establishment phase. Random teaching tasks such as imitated single syllables, imitated single words, nonimitated single words, imitated two-to-four word phrases, nonimitated two-to-four word phrases, imitated sentences, nonimitated sentences, and storytelling or conversations were selected in the second phase. Participants remained in this phase until they obtained 80% mastery across two
The role of a speech-language pathologist (SLP) is a challenging but imperative role to society. When there is pathology present in an individual’s communication, either language-based or speech-based, serious adverse effects can impact the quality and functionality of their lives. This is why I am perusing a career as an SLP. The ever-changing profession as an SLP allures me to the field because the learning never ends. As an academic, I am always prepared to absorb new information, and SLP’s must stay updated on the most current research, to ensure that they are providing the most appropriate services for their clients. Also, because every client is unique with diverse
Specific Purpose: To help people to understand what Audism is and that the lack of an ability to hear does not mean they are incapable of performing tasks.
Over seven million people just in the US have some sort of speech disorder. Just think about how many it is around the world! There are many different types of speech disorders, such as: stuttering, lisping and, mumbling, to name a few. Many of these disorders become noticeable during early childhood, however, this is not the only time a speech disorder may occur. Many people that suffer from strokes or other traumatic accidents encounter struggles with speech through their recovery. Those who struggle with speaking after an accident, though, have more access to treatments than children that are born with speech impediments. The treatments that are most known for children include: phonology, semantics, syntax, and pragmatics. There are speech
The onset of aphasia is extremely quick. It usually is found in people who have no former history of speech or language problems. The lesion leaves the affected area of the brain unable to function as it did only moments before (Owens 203).Wernicke’s aphasia is caused by damage to Wernicke’s area which can result from head injury, brain tumors, infections, dementia, or the most common cause, stroke. A posterior stroke that is isolated to Wernicke’s area does not result in total weakness of the arm and leg on the opposite ...
Her phonetic inventory is well developed. She has no troubles creating the age-appropriate speech sounds. The child is just above normal because she can produce more adult-like sounds than her peers. She has control over her articulators and she knows how to manipulate her oral cavity to produce the correct sounds.
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. (November 2002). Retrieved October 17, 2004, from http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/hearing/coch.asp
National Institute of Health. (2011). National Institute on Deafness and other communication disorders: Improving the lives of people who have communication disorders. National Institute on
There are many approaches to the explanation of the elderly's difficulty with rapid speech. Researchers point to a decline in processing speed, a decline in processing brief acoustic cues (Gordon-Salant & Fitzgibbons, 2001), an age-related decline of temporal processing in general (Gordon-Salant & Fitzgibbons, 1999; Vaughan & Letowski, 1997), the fact that both visual and auditory perception change with age (Helfer, 1998), an interference of mechanical function of the ear, possible sensorineural hearing loss due to damage to receptors over time (Scheuerle, 2000), or a decline in the processing of sounds in midbrain (Ochert, 2000). Each one of these could be a possible explanation; however it is often a combination of several of these causing a perceptual difficulty in the individual.
Audiologists, C. A.-L. (2012, October). Early Identifacation of Speech adn Language Disorders. Retrieved from CASLPA: http://www.caslpa.ca