A man in his mid-fifty’s seeks attention from an eye specialist after experiencing a sever migraine. The man notes his left eyelid drooping, along with a constricted pupil (Beck, 1988, p. 234). The man is later diagnosed with oculosympathetic palsy, also known as Horner’s syndrome (Kanski, 1990, p.65). The main ocular symptoms in Horner’s are a unilateral ptosis and miosis of the effected eye. This syndrome is caused by a disruption of the sympathetic nervous system, and can arise from a multitude of etiologies (Kanski, 1990, p.65). This paper aims to explain and explore the various causes, clinical features, and diagnostic tests an eye-care professional can utilize in diagnosis of Horner’s syndrome.
The sympathetic pathway is a part of the autonomic nervous system and is responsible for preparation of the fight-or-flight response of the body (Remington, 1998, p. 253). The pathway of the sympathetic nervous system originates from the hypothalamus, where it then travels to the lateral gray matter of the spinal chord. The pathway extends from the thoracic to the upper lumbar column segments. The portions of interest responsible for innervation of ocular structures are found in segments T-1 to T-3 (Remington, 1998). The sympathetic nerve fibers that innervate ocular structures are composed of preanglionic fibers and exit the ventral root of the spinal chord, ascending to the superior cervical ganglion. The superior cervical ganglion synapses with postganglionic fibers, which form the sympathetic carotid plexus around the internal carotid artery. The nerve then branches into many routes, with some extensions traveling alongside the trigeminal nerve to ultimately innervate the; iris and ciliary muscles, smooth muscles of the ...
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...xternal to the sympathetic nervous system pathway, like a tumor in which it could be removed.
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Purpose- To identify the functions of the cranial nerve of the peripheral nervous system such as the olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and the hypoglossal nerves. I will examine these functions with a series of behavior tests on my partner Jazmine Cooley to see if all nerves are functioning properly and if they are not, then this will be considered an identified dysfunction of a cranial nerve which is a diagnosis. Materials and Methods- Gloves Container full of substance Standardized eye chart Tape line
Seltzer, Jo. "Ophthalmologists Express Skepticism About Vision Therapy." Stlbeacon.org. N.p., 30 Nov. 2010. Web. 1 Mar. 2014.
present in the cell bodies of the facial nerve in persons who do not have
My interest in the career of optometry stems from my first experience in the optometry office to receive my first pair of glasses when I was in middle school. I distinctly remember the moment when my optometrist slipped my new glasses over my eyes for the first time. Suddenly, everything in the room came into sharp, clear focus. I knew that the glasses would help me see the board in school, but I was astonished to find that I could see small details about the room, as it had never before occurred to me that I should have been able to see these details. I was also surprised that I was even able to see the expressions on the faces of people who were standing far away from me. It was one of the most incredible, freeing, and empowering moments of my life. As I walked out of the optometry office, I felt
The high percentages of individuals who endure this impairment justifies and practically demands future research because the causes are not fully understood. The need for future research can be better emphasized if those with normal vision try to empathize with victims of macular degeneration. One can only imagine how frustrating it must be to receive sensatrions only in the periphery of the retina. Because the macula encompassed the cone rich fovea, which is used to focus on objects, the fovea degenerates as well. This occurence inables individuals to interpret the sensations they experience. Reading, ...
Merritt’s Textbook of Neurology. 7th ed. Lea and Febiger. Philadelphia: 1984. Walton, Sir John.
Neck: AROM, no carotid bruit bilaterally,the trachea is midline, no nodules, lymph or thyroid enlargement or JVD.
The Oyez Project. N.p., n.d. Web. The Web. The Web. 18 Mar. 2010. http://www.eyes.org/cases/1970-1979/1971/1971_70_18>.
smoothness and clarity noted. Snellen chart visual acuity 20/15 bilaterally. Complete and symmetrical red circle noted in both eyes.
Many signs include a "white pupil," also known as leukocoria. Retinoblastoma can occur in either one or two eyes (Paul T. Finger, Pg. 1). This abnormal white pupillary reflex is sometimes referred to as a cat's eye reflex. Another sign of retinoblastoma is a crossed eye (Ambramson, Ch3). Leukocoria doesn't always end up as being retinoblastoma, it can even result in: congenital cataract, Toxocara canis, Coat's disease, and persistent hypertrophic primary vitreous (PHPV) (Finger, Pg.2). Retinoblastoma occurs when there's a mutation or deletion of the q14 band of chromosome 13 (Finger, Pg. 1). Symptoms can be painful if not treated quickly. Some include a red, painful eye, swelling of the surrounding eye, poor vision, dilated pupil, even extra fingers or toes, and retardation (Ambramson, Ch3).
During my post-secondary education, I have taken courses such as: Introductory Biology I and II, Genetics, Psychology, Human Anatomy and Physiology which will be an asset as part of optometry school. Taking these courses have allowed me to develop an understanding of the structures and functions of the human body, the various ocular diseases and mutations related to recessive and dominant genes that can lead to eye disorders. This knowledge will help me in my career as a future optometrist, by carefully examining and implementing treatments for various eye disorders by having a foundation knowledge in how to overcome infections and abnormalities of the eyes, by understanding how antibodies work against viruses and
Heiting, Gary, and Mark Mattison-Shupnick. " Bifocals and Trifocals for Vision Over 40. " All About The Vision.