The primary source for this assignment is a handwritten, May 2, 1863 cash receipt for the purchase of two enslaved people from Crawford, Frazer & Co. The bill of sale, located at the Atlanta History Center , details the objects of this sale as, Harry, said to be “about age 34,” and Hannah, “30 yrs of age.” Both people are pledged as slaves and warranted to be “… sound in body and mind …” and they have been made available for sale through grant of “… right and title…” Written to Mr. John P. Hulst, the receipt confers ownership of “… the above named slave(s) …” to Mr. Hulst, his “… heirs and assigns …” and protects his purchase “… against the claims of all persons whomsoever.” The receipt is s sworn and witnessed legal document, signed by I. H. Andrews for Crawford, Frazer & Co., and duly acknowledges payment in full for Harry and Hannah in the amount of $3,600.00. Though little else is known about the venture, the company was owned by Thomas Frazer and Robert A. Crawford. The operating address for Crawford, Frazer & Co., as shown on the receipt, was located at 8 Whitehall Street, in Atlanta, Georgia. This address is confirmed through classified ads found in The Southern Confederacy , a former Atlanta daily newspaper. These ads, dating from January through May of 1863, confirm the business address and the sale of enslaved Negroes by Crawford, …show more content…
Sec. 2510 of the Code stated that “Whitehall Street between Railroads and Marietta Street – Sixty feet wide – and the name of that portion of said street is changed to Peachtree Street …” This change in street names places the current physical location of 8 Whitehall Street approximately 275 feet north of the Metropolitan Atlanta Regional Transit Authority (MARTA) Five Points station on Peachtree Street in downtown
There are many contradictions pertaining to slavery, which lasted for approximately 245 years. In Woody Holton’s “Black Americans in the Revolutionary Era”, Holton points out the multiple instances where one would find discrepancies that lie in the interests of slaveowners, noble figures, and slaves that lived throughout the United States. Holton exemplifies this hostility in forms of documents that further specify and support his claim.
Franklin, J., Moss, A. Jr. From Slavery to Freedom. Seventh edition, McGraw Hill, Inc.: 1994.
To understand the desperation of wanting to obtain freedom at any cost, it is necessary to take a look into what the conditions and lives were like of slaves. It is no secret that African-American slaves received cruel and inhumane treatment. Although she wrote of the horrific afflictions experienced by slaves, Linda Brent said, “No pen can give adequate description of the all-pervading corruption produced by slavery." The life of a slave was never a satisfactory one, but it all depended on the plantation that one lived on and the mast...
Miller, Lewis. Slave Trader, Sold to Tennessee. 1850's. Give Me Liberty!: An American History. Brief Third ed. Vol. One. New York: W.W. Norton, 2012. 260. Print.
In 1803 the United States would make the largest and possibly most controversial land purchases in American history, the Louisiana Purchase. During the years leading up to this event the United States was still trying to solidify a national identity. There were two subjects that were causing for division of the new national identity, one being westward expansion. The Northern states and Federalists opposed the idea of westward expansion while the Southern States and the Jeffersonians backed this purchase. Although there was a struggle for a single national identity and this controversial purchase did not aid in finding that single identity, it was still the right decision for the United States. By purchasing this land from the French the United States would not share a colonial boundary with the French who were continuing to gain power under Napoleon. Purchasing the Louisiana Territory would prove to be beneficial for the United States for more reason than one.
After many trades, a man named Mr. Gooch who lived in Cashaw County, South Carolina, now owned him. HE was immediately set to the cotton plantation to work. Mr. Gooch gave him bread and meat for allowance. That still wasn’t half enough for him to live on. He was giving hard labor with made him think of his fellow-slaves. HE became tired of the work and tried to run away. He was caught by a trader and set to Lancaster Gaol. Here slaves advertise for their masters to own them.
The original station had separate stairways for entering and exiting in a way. Although not much looks the same today, the mosaics on the walls are still there. ("28Th Street Subway Station (1) - Lost New England") . The 28th Street station was originally designed by George Lewis Heins and Christopher Grant LaFarge who gave those decorative identification plaques to the station; they were made of several pieces of ceramics that have adhered together. There are several remains of the original decoration of this station including the ID plaques and many round pillars with fluted tops and bottoms. Original IRT stations had entrance and exit kiosks but with the passage of time motorists began to find those great structures an obstruction to viewing traffic signals and stoplights, so they were phased out, with the last ones surviving until the late 1960s. A new entrance kiosk was built for the uptown Astor Place platform in the traffic island in the mid-1980s which could still be found at the Uptown 28th Street station. The new walls of the station that extended in the 1950s received IND-style mosaics with blue and gold color scheme contrast. Exteriorly the station is surrounded by beautiful historic buildings like Cathedral of Insurance Building and Madison Square Gardens. Most noteworthy entrance/exit of the station is from the New York Life's "Cathedral of Insurance" building with ornate iron signs Interborough Subway which lead to the breathtaking sea of polished brass architecture and two "SUBWAY" stanchions that appear at both staircases leading down to the station. The sign on the stanchions seems to be two barking dogs on either side of a flaming brazier and ceiling treatment with nine colored reliefs in red, gold and green. A chandelier hangs from the central tile. This treatment appears in front of each down staircase ("NYC's
Walker, Alyce Billings, ed. Alabama, A Guide to the Deep South. The Alabama State Planning Commision , 1941.
(Part 4: Antebellum slavery) A glimpse into the life of plantation slaves in the mid-1800’s is troubling to say the least. Every plantation owner dictated independently the type of environment that the slavers were to live in. There were no rules or regulation for treating slaves after they were purchased. Merciful slave masters let black slave communities grow and exist inside the plantation, which led to African-Christian practices as well as a sense of human-worth by letting the slaves tend to gardens and do other tasks other than physical labor. Unfortunately, this scenario might have been statistically uncommon in the larger scheme of plantations.
Northup, Solomon, Sue L. Eakin, and Joseph Logsdon. Twelve years a slave. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1968. Print.
Writing around the same time period as Phillips, though from the obverse vantage, was Richard Wright. Wright’s essay, “The Inheritors of Slavery,” was not presented at the American Historical Society’s annual meeting. His piece is not festooned with foot-notes or carefully sourced. It was written only about a decade after Phillips’s, and meant to be published as a complement to a series of Farm Credit Administration photographs of black Americans. Wright was not an academic writing for an audience of his peers; he was a novelist acceding to a request from a publisher. His essay is naturally of a more literary bent than Phillips’s, and, because he was a black man writing ...
For most American’s especially African Americans, the abolition of slavery in 1865 was a significant point in history, but for African Americans, although slavery was abolished it gave root for a new form of slavery that showed to be equally as terrorizing for blacks. In the novel Slavery by Another Name, by Douglas Blackmon he examines the reconstruction era, which provided a form of coerced labor in a convict leasing system, where many African Americans were convicted on triumphed up charges for decades.
Knowles, H. J. (2007). The Constitution and Slavery: A Special Relationship. Slavery & Abolition, 28(3), 309-328. doi:10.1080/01440390701685514
Slavery has been a part of human practices for centuries and dates back to the world’s ancient civilizations. In order for us to recognize modern day slavery we must take a look and understand slavery in the American south before the 1860’s, also known as antebellum slavery. Bouvier’s Law Dictionary defines a slave as, “a man who is by law deprived of his liberty for life, and becomes the property of another” (B.J.R, pg. 479). In the period of antebellum slavery, African Americans were enslaved on small farms, large plantations, in cities and towns, homes, out on fields, industries and transportation. By law, slaves were the perso...
S. Rice Kim, World of a slave: encyclopedia of the material life of slaves in the United States.