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Reflection for pedagogy of the oppressed Chapter 1
Annotated bibliography of pedagogy of the oppressed by Paulo Freire
Annotated bibliography of pedagogy of the oppressed by Paulo Freire
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Recommended: Reflection for pedagogy of the oppressed Chapter 1
During the East Los Angeles walk-outs in the 1960s, one of the leaders said,
The administrators are saying that we’re disrupting the educational process and thats not so. The educational process of Mexican-Americans for over 20 years in East Los Angeles and throughout the south west has been disrupted by its failure to communicate with the Mexican-American. That is the disruption [….] This is a social injustice. (Esparza)
The discrimination to which he referred to has been part of adversity Chicanos have faced time and time again, from segregation, corporal punishment and unequal teaching standards in the educational system. However, Chicanos united and fought back against the discriminations. They filed lawsuits, protested with sit-ins, and boycotts that lasted for days and days. But to this day, Chicanos have still not completely won as there is still are some injustices that occur everyday. Now in the year 2014, Chicano admissions are on the rise and that is great but, it is not enough because Chicanos do not complete their college education.
In the 1900’s, there was a movement in which Americans tried to establish an “Americanization School” for Mexican children. Although, the Americans said that the “Americanization Schools” were for the benefit of the Mexican children but in reality it was to segregate the Mexican children from the Anglo children. The Mexican parents did not stand for this and fought for the rights of their children knowing that they would lose their jobs in the process. At the same time their was a bill that was going to be voted on named the Bliss Bill, which “attempted to redefine Mexicans as Indians, so that they could legally segregated” (Espinoza). There was a supporter of the Lemon Grove segregatio...
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... College Enrollment Up, But Not By Enough - New America Media." Hispanic College Enrollment Up, But Not By Enough - New America Media. New America Media, 01 May 2014. Web. 06 May 2014.
Freire, Paulo. "Chapter 2." Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: Continuum, 2000. 11-86. Print.
"14th Amendment." 14th Amendment. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 May 2014.
Harders, Robin, Manuel N. Gómez, and Christopher Arriola. A Family Changes History: Méndez v. Westminster. Santa Ana: Harvard Educational Review, 2000. Print.
The Lemon Grove Incident. Prod. Paul Espinoza. Dir. Frank Christopher. Corporation for Public Broadcasting, 1985. Tv. KPBS San Diego
Precious Knowledge. Dir. Ari Luis Palos. Prod. Eren Isabel McGinnis. PBS, 2012. TV.
Santiago, Deborah A., and Emily C. Galdeano. "Latino College Completion: United States." Home. U.S. Department of Education, Apr. 2014. Web. 06 May 2014.
The first paragraph gives the readers and idea of the growing interest on Chicano Studies. It’s has developed over the course of twenty-six years and obtaining more non-chicano intellectuals that have absolutely no connection thus having no clue if studying the history of Chicanos. Part of the reason for everyone’s sudden interest in Chicano Studies is to integrate it into a larger ethnic study programs. The downfall of integrating the studies is that it places limitations on other courses that intervene with the major academic departments. The new development of Chicano Studies is really an excuse to teach genuine studies and to allow teachers to implement connected programs to receive a permanent status within their careers. Another part of keeping Chicano Studies in succession is to deliberately undermine its true meaning as well as keep it understaffed and under financed. This situation diminishes the programs ability to do community service for further future developments.
In the late 1940’s and early 1950’s there were many issues that involved racial segregation with many different communities. A lot of people did not took a stand for these issues until they were addressed by other racial groups. Mendez vs Westminster and Brown vs The Board of Education, were related cases that had to take a stand to make a change. These two cases helped many people with different races to come together and be able to go to school even if a person was different than the rest.
The Chicano Movement was a time that pressed forth for the equal opportunity of the Latino community and proved to America that Mexican Americans were a force to be reckoned with. In the documentary Latino Americans – Episode 5: Prejudice and Pride, it centralizes on the success of the oppressed community through significant leaders in that period. Union activists César Chavez, along with Dolores Huerta, playwright Luis Valdez, teacher Sal Castro, US Congressman Herman Ballido, and political activist José Ángel Gutiérrez all contributed to egalitarianism of Latinos across the nation. This documentary reflects on the importance of equal prospects within the workplace, the academic setting, and the social and political features in society.
Imagine seeing 10,000 of your classmates walking out of your school because they wanted a better education - a better way of life. In the 1960s’ Chicano students were being “pushed out”(Esparza) of school or being pushed towards vocational programs. East L.A was home to schools were “one out of every four Chicano’s completed high school”(Esparza). Instructors and the school board alike did not have an interest in helping Chicanos finish school to become someone other than a laborer and was expected of them to keep being a laborer. In “Taking Back the Schools”, Sal Castro a high school counselor claims, “I think the bottom line is the lack of concern of the teachers towards the kids and whether the kids were really getting an education or not...the reality set in that the teachers weren’t really concern for the kids.”(Esparza).
African- American males have been underrepresented among college students and degree earners for years, however the reason for this is often misconstrued. The percentages of white high school graduates “In 1998-2000 had jumped to 46. However, only 40 percent of African-Americans and 34 percent of Hispanics in the same age group were attending college” (McGlynn, Angela Proviteira). The question then to pose, is why minority students are not succeeding in college compared to Caucasian students, “Only 47% of Black male students graduated on time
Many people all around the United States aren't aware of the role that Mexican Americans have played struggling to be accepted in a all one race school. Hearing about the case of Mendez v. Westminster where Mendez was rejected from a “White” school for being dark skin and Mexican has really shook up a story and made headlines everywhere when Mendez parents decided to sew the school district. People don't realize how race can impact any little thing to even registering for an education.
In American history, civil rights movements have played a major role for many ethnics in the United States and have shape American society to what it is today. The impact of civil rights movements is tremendous and to an extent, they accomplish the objectives that the groups of people set out to achieve. The Mexican-American Civil Rights Movement, more commonly known as the Chicano Movement or El Movimiento, was one of the many movements in the United States that set out to obtain equality for Mexican-Americans (Herrera). At first, the movement had a weak start but eventually the movement gained momentum around the 1960’s (Herrera). Mexican-Americans, also known as Chicanos, began to organize in order to eliminate the social barriers that prevented them from progressing in American society (Bloom 47). Throughout the years of the Chicano Movement, Mexican-Americans had a “desire to integrate into the mainstream culture while preserving their own identity” (Bloom 47). The Chicano Civil Rights Movement was a progressive era when Mexican-Americans had goals that they wanted to accomplish and sought reform in order to be accepted as a part of the United States.
Sotomayor represents the Puerto Rican students that have an awareness of being unqualified in comparison to their white classmates. Her “deficiency of...written English,” a representation for other Puerto Rican students, is because of being raised in a culturally different background than a common upper-class white student’s background (110). The “deficiency” symbolizes the common sense belief that being white, and writing and speaking fluently in English, is a classification of the prevalent culture. Sotomayor, in her dissent in Schuette v. BAMN, explicates that “discrimination against an individual occurs because [of] that individual’s membership in a particular group” revealing that a Puerto Rican’s identity as a Puerto Rican, as an immigrant, as a minority part of the lower class, racializes them, creating drawbacks that are arduous and can be impossible to overcome, as in the case of her cousin Nelson, who being just as smart as Sotomayor, is burdened with an addiction that restricts him from succeeding (Schuette 45; Sottomayor 106). In 1972, Princeton, a prestigious school, was dominantly populated by upper class white males, causing the culture and heritage of many Puerto Ricans and other minority students to clash with dominantly white, upper class
Ever since the United States acquired land from Mexico, Chicanos have struggled with finding their own place in the United States. In order to prove that this was a problem, the Chicano movement came about post World War II. When Mexican-American servicemen returned from duty, many were discriminated and were being segregated.
This brings us to an important and, one would say pivot, event in the Chicano movement, the Los Angeles school walkouts of 1968. For historian Michael Soldatenko, “Students and the East Los Angeles community transformed the immediate struggle for educational rights into practices that disrupted the institutional imaginary and postulated a second order based on self-determination and participatory democracy.” Although “Mexican Schools” were unconstitutional under the Mendez v. Westminster case, the superintendent and Board of Education were determined in defending the districts ' policies. According to their school board meeting minutes from September 12, 1946, they made no promises to desegregate, but focused most of their attention on Fred
Cavin, Aaron. "Blowout! Sal Castro & The Chicano Struggle For Educational Justice."Journal Of American Ethnic History 34.2 (2015): 127-128. America: History & Life. Web. 12 Sept. 2016.
William Garcia, an African American man had been employed at the Austin Independent school district in 2014. For the first few months of him getting hired he was assigned to mentor another former teacher that had been teaching there for a few years. This lady never went out of her way to help William out in any means. “ One of those white liberals who thought she knew something about racism, educational inequality, and low-income communities” says William about his former mentor. William felt attacked being one of the only African American teachers at this school, and every time he had made a mistake the principle would call him out in front of the class and humiliate him. He never understood why
Community colleges play an important role in providing students access to higher education, and serve as an entryway of opportunity for many minority students (Boswell, 2004; Suarez, 2003; Trujillo & Diaz, 1999). Latinos currently account for 12.5% of the U.S. population and are the fastest growing component of the population (U.S. Census Bureau, 2001). Community colleges enroll approximately 50% of Latino students in higher education, a number that continues to grow each year (Fry, 2002; Suarez, 2003). Scholars report that Latinos are more likely than any other racial or ethnic group to enroll in community colleges (Fry, 2002; Kurlaender, 2006; Martinez & Fernández, 2004; Suarez, 2003). These demographics show
The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. (2006).Black Student College Graduation Rates Remain Low, But Modest Progress Begins to Show. Retrieved from: http://www.jbhe.com/features/50_blackstudent_gradrates.html
The Civil Rights Era was a time of great movements that fought for the equality of all. Minorities of every ethnic background took part in protests and raising awareness about racial discrimination is education, the workplace, and public services. While most remember the civil rights movements of African Americans led by Martin Luther King Jr. and other influential African American historical figures, Mexican Americans were also fighting for equality in their communities. The Chicano movement empowered Mexican Americans across the U.S. and fought for not only equality, but education reform. Mexican Americans, especially in the southwest, were not receiving a proper education and were not being allowed to live up to their full potential. Students