The first article I have chosen is, “Juncture in the road: Chicano Studies Since: “El plan de Santa Barbara” by Ignacio M. Garcia. I have chosen this particular article for various reasons. One is because reading the first few paragraphs of the article stirred up many emotions within me. I found myself growing angry and once, again, repulsed by the United States discrimination system. The more knowledge I obtain on the United States, on its past and how it develops today, I can finally say that I resent everything it stands for and embarrassed being part of it. I would rather say that I am a country of one…myself. The second reason for choosing this article, was because it was an easy read for me as well as the topic being discussed was intriguing.
The first paragraph gives the readers and idea of the growing interest on Chicano Studies. It’s has developed over the course of twenty-six years and obtaining more non-chicano intellectuals that have absolutely no connection thus having no clue if studying the history of Chicanos. Part of the reason for everyone’s sudden interest in Chicano Studies is to integrate it into a larger ethnic study programs. The downfall of integrating the studies is that it places limitations on other courses that intervene with the major academic departments. The new development of Chicano Studies is really an excuse to teach genuine studies and to allow teachers to implement connected programs to receive a permanent status within their careers. Another part of keeping Chicano Studies in succession is to deliberately undermine its true meaning as well as keep it understaffed and under financed. This situation diminishes the programs ability to do community service for further future developments.
This is critical for the readers to know the show the bias, injustice, and premeditated ignorance of the United States educational system. It also demonstrates that Chicano Studies is not important regardless of the Hispanic population in this supposed “free” country. It seems as if the Chicano Studies was made only to fail by keeping it under funded and understaffed. By doing so, it has an affect on keeping away good scholars to maintain the historical development of Hispanics in the United States as well as its own history.
When the Chicano programs do get a minimal break such as receiving enough funding, gain departmental status, and have courses be part of the general education requirements, there would some body in the shadows sneering at the progress.
In this essay, the author
Explains why they chose the article "juncture in the road: chicano studies since: "el plan de santa barbara" by ignacio m. garcia.
Analyzes how chicano studies has developed over the course of twenty-six years, gaining more non-chicano intellectuals that have absolutely no connection and have no clue if studying the history of chicanos.
Argues that chicano studies is not important regardless of the hispanic population in this supposed “free” country.
Opines that when chicano programs get a minimal break, there would be some body in the shadows sneering at the progress. they would have to compete with other programs to receive academic resources.
Opines that uwm has jumped on the chicano studies bandwagon as well, but it too is short sandwiches of a picnic to correctly advance the academic development for the community.
Explains that to understand the importance of maintaining chicano studies is to know its history, including its strengths, weaknesses, and some concerns that continued to be faced within it.
Opines that this is critical information for the reader to know because it shows how self-engrossed the united states really is.
Explains that they chose guadalupe san miguel's "actors not victims: chicanas/os and the struggle for educational equality."
Analyzes how san miguel started the article with a brief history of the chicano movement in the mid-1960’s.
Analyzes how mexican american high school students lobbied for changes in the structures and polices of the public school system while university students protested against minority enrollment and chicano studies programs.
Explains how the middle class mexican americans sought to expand and strengthen educational policies that were in their interest, pressured the federal government, filed lawsuits against the segregation in the local school districts, and even persuaded a private investigation.
Explains that mexican americans were able to expand the educational system that targeted mexican american children and have their status published. because of their placid success, the federal government got involved in school reform.
Opines that san miguel believes the struggle for educational equality was a contradictory process in which it produced mixed results.
Compares san miguel and garcia's articles on the chicano movement, stating that the underclassed and middle class mexican americans were fighting for better policies and filed lawsuits.
Explains that the mexican/chicano movement was changing the path for future mexican american children in small but yet in great ways.
Analyzes how the mexican american population is challenged, assimilated, and rejected by both sides of the world. the chicano movement dormantly continues today.
Cavin, Aaron. "Blowout! Sal Castro & The Chicano Struggle For Educational Justice."Journal Of American Ethnic History 34.2 (2015): 127-128. America: History & Life. Web. 12 Sept. 2016.
In this essay, the author
Explains that the article "blowout! sal castro & the chicano struggle for educational justice" from the american ethnic history was a reliable source.
Analyzes how the journal focuses on a specific day in history that helped the chicanos, the walkouts. the journal uses pathos by showing how far the struggle for chicano's and their education has come.
Analyzes how the journal's author uses ethos and logos to get quotes from castro and show he is credible and factual.
Explains that they used a book review about sal castro and the chicano struggle for educational justice to determine if it gave them more facts than their first source.
Analyzes how pathos is used to describe sal castro's childhood, school experience, military service, and jobs, as well as what he did towards the end of his life to help chicanos.
Analyzes san miguel, guadalupe jr.'s "status of the historiography of chicano education: a preliminary analysis." history of education quarterly.
Analyzes how uses information from a book rather than journal or book review to get different information on the topic. the source uses pathos by describing that at some schools they would only speak english, something the chicano people didn't know.
Analyzes how uses pathos to discuss how schools encouraged chicano children to leave school because they discouraged cultural understanding. he uses logos by giving specific dates and specific laws that were taken place in schools for the chicanos.
Explains that they found the chapter of the education of chicano children helpful because it helped understand the continuity and change between the children and their education.
Analyzes how uses pathos to describe how chicano children were denied an equal educational opportunity even if they went to segregated schools.
Analyzes how 's book, "racism on trial," proves that the information he is providing is correct. he explains his goals to describe the evolution of racial identity among mexicans, illustrate how racism leads to legal violence, and understand the rise of the chicano movement.
Opines that used pathos in this book by taking direct quotes that young demonstrators would shout to fight for their education such as "education for all" and "chicano power."
When someone say’s “hispanic,” what definition comes to mind? Hispanics are not one nationality, nor one culture. Instead, Hispanics are greatly diverse people. Our language and cultural origins are Spanish and Latin American, regardless of race and color. Hispanics can be European, Indian, or of African descent, or any combination of the three. The culture could be linked to Mexico, the Caribbean countries, Central America, South America and Spain. Hispanics were once considered a rarity in the United States, now we are found throughout the country.
In this essay, the author
Explains that hispanics are not one nationality, nor one culture, but they are diverse people. they can be european, indian, or of african descent or any combination of the three.
Opines that walt whitman was right about latino contributions to american nationality.
Explains that the pilgrims were struggling to maintain their small colony, while spanish towns flourished in florida, the southwest, and puerto rico. the first european settlement in north america was san miguel de guadalupe, founded in 1521.
Opines that putting other historical facts about the hispanic involvement in the development of the us into perspective is crucial.
Explains how king carlos of spain granted one million pounds to the american colonists, which helped fund the battle of yorktown, an important battle of the revolutionary war.
Opines that most american history books acknowledge the french contribution to the victory over the contributions of the british, but they almost ignore the substantial spanish military and financial contributions.
Opines that us historians have failed to acknowledge hispanic contributions to the country. this neglect needs to be changed.
Opines that hispanics can be of tremendous service to the country in the solving of social problems. their willingness to mix has created cultural forms, new human relationships, and life styles.
Explains that hispanic heritage month helps mold a new and satisfying relationship between the us and latin america.
In American history, civil rights movements have played a major role for many ethnics in the United States and have shape American society to what it is today. The impact of civil rights movements is tremendous and to an extent, they accomplish the objectives that the groups of people set out to achieve. The Mexican-American Civil Rights Movement, more commonly known as the Chicano Movement or El Movimiento, was one of the many movements in the United States that set out to obtain equality for Mexican-Americans (Herrera). At first, the movement had a weak start but eventually the movement gained momentum around the 1960’s (Herrera). Mexican-Americans, also known as Chicanos, began to organize in order to eliminate the social barriers that prevented them from progressing in American society (Bloom 47). Throughout the years of the Chicano Movement, Mexican-Americans had a “desire to integrate into the mainstream culture while preserving their own identity” (Bloom 47). The Chicano Civil Rights Movement was a progressive era when Mexican-Americans had goals that they wanted to accomplish and sought reform in order to be accepted as a part of the United States.
In this essay, the author
Opines that chicano! a history of the mexican american civil rights movement.
Analyzes the new york times' "on the chicano awakening".
Explains that the mexican-american civil rights movement, also known as el movimiento, gained momentum around the 1960's.
Cites engelbert, phillis, and herrara, toni nelson in encyclopedia of american history: postwar united states, 1946 to 1968, revised edition.
Summarizes the encyclopedia of american history: postwar united states, 1946 to 1968, revised edition (volume ix).
Chicano!--the History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement. Dir. Moctesuma Esparza. PBS, 1996. Tv.
In this essay, the author
Explains that in the 1960s, chicano students were being "pushed out" of school or being pushed towards vocational programs. instructors and the school board did not have an interest in helping chicanos finish school to become someone other than a laborer.
Analyzes how students were grouped by iq, and how the schools and instructors were not meeting the needs of the students, especially the chicano students.
Opines that spanish languages are what defines us as mexicans-americans, as chicanos.
Describes how sal and 12 other college student leaders organized a "walkout" at east la high school in 1968 to raise publicity about the school's flaws.
Explains that the educational process of mexican-americans for over 20 years in east los angeles and throughout the south west has been disrupted by its failure to communicate.
Explains that school officials blamed the outside group of young militants named the brown berets, which represented the security.
Narrates how the east la community became emotionally charged by the arrest of the movement's leader and staged sit-ins where attendees did not leave the board room until their demands were met.
Explains that the chicano movement in the la school system improved mexican-american self-determination. the positive changes implemented by the school board opened the doors for students to further their education.
Torres, Hector Avalos. 2007. Conversations with Contemporary Chicana and Chicano Writers. U.S.: University of New Mexico press, 315-324.
In this essay, the author
Analyzes how mary's observation is superficial in the sense that she refuses to acknowledge the very history that is his identity, the one that turned him into an exiled person.
Analyzes how mary's long buried trauma comes to light due to josé luis' unresolved trauma. she recalls being sexually abused by a neighbor while her mother is gone to visit her dying father.
Analyzes how the renamed mara asserts her voice/language and her right to defend her body, as well as her identity, against the invader.
Analyzes mara's community-based activism as a way to link individual experiences of trauma to one another.
Analyzes how mara, who declares herself not political and longs for josé luis to rescue her from depression and loneliness, comprehends the reason behind her despair. owing to her self-awareness, she is able to see other in relation to their respective communities.
Analyzes how demetria martnez's mother tongue is divided into five sections and an epilogue. the first three parts present mary/mara’s recollection of the time when she was nineteen and met josé luis, a refuge from el salvador.
Analyzes how mary and josé luis, tied by stereotypes, cultural and historical differences, are not able to overcome the sense of alienation.
Analyzes how the narrator's narration of the incident functions as a process of self-invention, as she employs another voice to reveal what actually had befallen her.
Analyzes fellner's claim that writing the female body has become instrumental for many chicana writers, as the source of oppression and subordination for women.
Cites fellner, astrid m., lomas, laura, and torres, hector avalos.
Oboler, Suzanne (1995). "So far from God, so close to the United States": The Roots of Hispanic Homogenization. In M. Romero, P. Hondagneu-Sotelo, & V. Ortiz (Eds.) Challenging Fronteras: Structuring the Latina and Latino Lives in the U.S. New York: Routledge, 1997.
In this essay, the author
Analyzes how valdez's play, los vendidos, illustrates the ambivalence and hypocrisy anglos have projected towards mexicans for the last two centuries.
Analyzes how valdez's "johnny pachuco" model represented the teen caught between two cultures that felt compelled to rebel.
Explains that the whitest, most anglocized mexican-american model was, in fact, a robot.
Analyzes how valdez presents the play's characters as to correspond to chronological events in history, beginning with a reference to the precolonial era.
Analyzes how the political agenda to mold them into americans infiltrates the american workforce, educational, and political systems.
Explains martinez, oscar j., and oboler, suzanne. "so far from god, so close to the united states": the roots of hispanic homogenization.
Fernandez, Lilia. "Introduction to U.S. Latino/Latina History." History 324. The Ohio State University. Jennings Hall 0040, Columbus, OH, USA. Address.
In this essay, the author
Explains that the current immigration policy in america denies many immigrants the american dream. the latino/a community is one of the most severely affected groups.
Explains that many latino/as in america have faced negative comments based on their identity, such as rush limbaugh's comments that mexicans are a renegade criminal element.
Compares the experience of racialization by the latino/a population to that of blacks and asians.
Analyzes how latino/a experiences within the racial system in america were similar to that of indian immigrants from asia. in the 1800s, indians were granted free access to immigrate to america and naturalize as american citizens.
Explains that in american history, callous immigration policies have been implemented to tackle certain racial and ethnic groups due to the period of immigrant phobia.
Explains that the immigration act of 1965 was the first major restriction toward people of hispanic decent, negatively affecting the large amount of mexicans who wanted to immigrate to the u.s.
Explains that mexicans were eligible to become americans because they were legally white, while other immigrant groups such as the chinese were denied citizenship due to their status as white.
Opines that reforming immigration policies is a complex issue and must be handled properly without any racism or nativism.
Argues that nativists are campaigning for tighter immigration restrictions because all of the latino/as in the u.s. are illegal.
Explains that the early 1960s were known as the golden exiles, which was the first wave of cuban immigrants to miami, florida.
Explains that the latino/a communities in the u.s. have contributed to american history, including 500,000 hispanic americans who served during world war ii.
Opines that the future of america heavily relies on the success of its citizens and immigrants. reforming immigration policies should not be based on racism, or nativism.
Describes the works of aoki, andrew, and okiyoshi takeda. asian american politics. polity pr, 2009.
Moraga, Cherrie. “Queer Aztlan: the Reformation of Chicano Tribe,” in The Color of Privilege 1996, ed Aida Hurtado. Ann Arbor: University Michigan Press, 1996.
In this essay, the author
Explains that the call for ethnic studies in universities helped young chicanos find their identity and learn about their history, which encouraged them to take part in the movement.
Explains that the black panther group was the embodiment of black power movement in the west coast. they took any means of aggressive action to protect and enact the changes that needed to occur.
Explains that the chicano and black power movements were similar to one another due to their common ideology of self-determination.
Opines that ogbar, jeffrey, black power radical politics and african american identity, baltimore: john hopkins up, 2004.
Explains that the chicano and black power movements shared a similar ideology that outlined their movement, which was the call for self-determination.
Compares the black power movement to the chicano movement in that they did not believe in the coexistence of african-americans and whites in power, rather they saw that black man had to take control of his own community.
Cites aztlan, the chicano studies journal, barrera, munoz, and charles ornelas, people and politics in urban society.
Cites espino and marquez's book, "mexican american support for third parties: the case of la raza unida."
Gonzalez, Juan. Harvest of Empire a History of Latinos in America. New York: Penguin Putnam Inc, 2000.
In this essay, the author
Argues that the united states' political interest in guatemala played a fundamental role in the migration of guatemalans to its borders.
Explains that the united states played an important role in world affairs during the second half of the twentieth century, when the cold war was on its midst.
Explains that the cia thought that guatemala was preparing to have a communist takeover of power. they proposed an aggressive plan to stop the growth of communism in guatemala, but they needed to be secretive.
Explains that the united states had strategic plans to contain soviet communist ideals from spreading around the world, such as the marshall plan and north atlantic treaty organization.
Analyzes how the cia's psychological attacks played an important role in the operation pbsuccess.
Crouch, Ned. Mexicans & Americans : Cracking The Cultural Code. NB Publishing, Inc., 2004. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 21 Nov. 2011.
In this essay, the author
Explains that family values are another of the elements that change due to the immigration into the united states.
Explains that mexicans celebrate easter, christmas, and the new year as well as the day of the dead and quinceaeras.
Opines that the fear of losing a culture is reflected in writing on the river by english faculty and staff of chattanooga state community college.
Explains that immigrant subcultures are influenced by american society, such as food, culture, and religion.
Explains that mexican american music is entertaining, upbeat, and vastly popular. american artists have taken many facets from the mexican music and made them into a new more popular music.
Explains clutter, ann w., and ruben d. nieto. understanding the hispanic culture. osu.edu. ohio state university. crouch, ned.