Short summary:
Intelligent transportation systems based on inter-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication are expected to improve road safety in the near future. To achieve the future road safety vision, time-sensitive, safety-critical applications in vehicular networks are necessary, and will depend on reliable and efficient broadcast of information with minimum latency.
Due to the high number of nodes on the network, for instance at rush-hours, it is hard to accomplish such requirements. In these conditions, broadcast storms can occur due to message flooding, collisions causing leading to packet loss ratios, and link layer contention. These broadcast storms are related to the nature of routing protocols, because these protocols define the flooding mechanism in the network, and to solve this problem, researchers have proposed several VANET specific protocols.
Location-based methods consist in broadcast packets based on geographic area of sending and receiving vehicles. Some of these protocols solve the broadcast storm problem by reducing the number of broadcast nodes. One approach is to use the vehicles farthest away from the source to perform relaying (MFR). There are also some proposals to use geocast to reduce the range of the broadcast to a smaller region.
Some protocols solve the problem by reducing contention and packet collisions. One alternative is based in reducing the packet loss ratio by dynamically setting the back-off timer for MAC contention widow adjustment, through the information of vehicle location, speed and distance to other nodes. Other protocols reduce contention, through the use of vehicle position and the traffic congestion level to adapt the packet transmission interval, and by integrat...
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...ckets in these networks. The paper also present dedicated short-range
communication
with an enough level of detail, although the review on traffic and mobility patterns is very incomplete. The taxonomy provided is complete. The discussion of each protocol is deep enough in terms of the broadcast storm problem, but the paper do not present other performance arguments to clarify which protocols are more suitable for the broadcast of safety messages. The questions raised regarding some of the protocol assumptions are very pertinent. A more complete conclusions should be provided, since the paper only provides a list of issues related to the problem of broadcasting safety information, and do not compare any of the presented solutions. The paper should provide more information about the trade-offs of each protocol and their performance regarding broadcast messages.
wireless communication got a lot of attention when a message was transmitted that allowed for
In this lab, we used Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) which is a connection oriented protocol, to demonstrate congestion control algorithms. As the name itself describes, these algorithms are used to avoid network congestion. The algorithms were implemented in three different scenarios i.e. No Drop Scenario, Drop_Fast Scenario and Drop_NoFast Scenario.
It is the year 2015. Technology immerses us into a pit of pleasure, ease and luxury. We are enlightened by fancy Smartphones, fast computers, and simple online shopping. At this point, the human race is striving to create or destroy anything that is willing to harm us. We are at war against ourselves and we are not taking enough action against the fatal occurrences that happen everyday. We collect data to show the safeties and dangers of activities that we participate in every day, but we continue to emerge ourselves deeper and deeper into the statistic that automobile accidents are. Keeping all road-users aware of statistics, laws, and the dangers of speeding is the key factor in preventing the 2.35 million injuries and 40 thousand deaths
Teens need to be taught that driving is a task that is complex and demanding. Parents know how much experience a young driver has, and they know exactly how inconvenient it is when they have to drive with their teen everywhere while they have their permit. Teens tend to cause most traffic accidents in adults’ eyes. They are not experienced yet, and often fail to pay attention to others on the road. They often think of a car as being some type of toy, but they do not know how powerful it really is. The driver education programs must be strengthened in order to make sure that students really have safer habits, behind the wheel experience, and by having a better understanding of all the laws on the road.
Johnson, D., Maltz, D. (1996). Dynamic Source Routing in Ad-hoc Wireless network. Print ISBN: 0 79239697 0
... in Wireless Sensor Networks: Current proposal and Future Development, IEEE Xplore, Hong Kong, Oct- 2007.
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) defines aggressive driving as "the operation of a motor vehicle in a manner that endangers or is likely to endanger persons or property"—a traffic and not a criminal offense like road rage. Examples include speeding or driving too fast for conditions, improper lane changing, tailgating and improper passing. Approximately 6,800,000 crashes occur in the United States each year; a substantial number are estimated to be caused by aggressive driving. 1997 statistics compiled by NHTSA and the American Automobile Association show that almost 13,000 people have been injured or killed since 1990 in crashes caused by aggressive driving. According to a NHTSA survey, more than 60 percent of drivers consider unsafe driving by others, including speeding, a major personal threat to themselves and their families. About 30 percent of respondents said they felt their safety was threatened in the last month, while 67 percent felt this threat during the last year. Weaving, tailgating, distracted drivers, and unsafe lane changes were some of the unsafe behaviors identified. Aggressive drivers are more likely to drink and drive or drive unbelted. Aggressive driving can easily escalate into an incident of road rage. Motorists in all 50 states have killed or injured other motorists for seemingly trivial reasons. Motorists should keep their cool in traffic, be patient and courteous to other drivers, and correct unsafe driving habits that are likely to endanger, antagonize or provoke other motorists. More than half of those surveyed by NHTSA admitted to driving aggressively on occasion. Only 14 percent felt it was "extremely dangerous" to drive 10 miles per hour over the speed limit. 62 percent of those who frequently drive in an unsafe and illegal manner said police for traffic reasons had not stopped them in the past year. The majority of those in the NHTSA survey (52 percent) said it was "very important" to do something about speeding. Ninety-eight percent of respondents thought it "important" that something be done to reduce speeding and unsafe driving. Those surveyed ranked the following countermeasures, in order, as most likely to reduce aggressive and unsafe driving behaviors: (1) more police assigned to traffic control, (2) more frequent ticketing of traffic violations, (3) higher fines, and (4) i...
Specific Purpose Statement: To inform my audience how to insure their safety, and the safety of others, while on the road
This essay is to inform you about certain aspects of driving. In this letter I am going to talk about the effect of response time, a safe following distance, how the stopping distance depends on speed, how to decide what to do at a yellow light and how you have to change your speed around a curve. In the next following paragraphs I will explain each of the topics that I have listed and I will give you a better knowledge of how to be a safer driver.
Modern internet technology is introduced into new vehicles as a safety feature. One recent idea is having connectivity between vehicles. Ankeeta Patel of Parul Institute of Engineering and Technology presents the
We consider a wireless sensor network with N = 100 nodes distributed randomly in 100m X 100m field. A gateway node is deployed in the centre of the sensing field. The BS is located far away from the sensing field. Both gateway node and BS are stationary after deployment. We consider packet size of 4000 bits. We compare our protocol with LEACH protocol. To assess performance of our protocol with LEACH, we ignore the effects caused by signal collision and interference in the wireless channel. Table 1 shows the radio parameters used in our
For all these features any car can still crash so this report aims to make you more aware of the safety aspects of modern cars and what role they play in driving.
technologies such as Bluetooth and ZigBee which are used to carry the information from perception devices to a nearby gateway based on the capabilities of the communicating parties. Internet technologies such as WiFi, 2G, 3G, and 4G carry the information over long distances based on the application. Since applications aim to create smart homes, smart cities, power system monitoring etc.
The set standards and mechanisms for enabling high quality performance for applications are known as quality of service routing. Its main goal is to provide special service for applications that need it by making sure the required bandwidth is provided, controlling latency and making sure the loss of data is reduced. Some of its useful features are:
Nowadays, technological developments are made on a daily basis. One of these developments is in the manufacture of cars. These modern cars are able to reach farther distances in a shorter period of time; attaining a much faster speed, and thus making commuting a lot more efficient. However, on the other hand, increased car accidents is also a byproduct of this technological advancement. Car accidents lead to injuries, even deaths, generating pain, suffering, and economic loss in society. Car safety is an essential part of our lives. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), in the US, there was a 3.3% increase in the number of car accidents from 2011 to 2012. According to the Association of Safe International Road Travel, about 1.3 million road crashes occur each year worldwide, on average 3,287 deaths per day. Road traffic crashes are currently ranked as the 9th leading cause of death and if no action is taken, road traffic accidents are predicted to become ranked as the 5th leading cause of death by year 2030. According to Car Insurance, an average driver in the US will file a claim for a car collision about once every 17.9 years. Chances are, over the course of a typical lifetime, a driver should have a total of 3-4 accidents, some might even be fatal. These frightening statistics indicate why car safety is important.