BIOTECHNOLOGY
1- Biotechnology is various methods that use living organisms to make products or provide services.
2- 4 Products of biotechnology are yogurt, cheese, bread, and beer
3- Selective breeding is breeding individuals with specific traits to get an offspring with similar traits.
4- Reproductive technology is the term given to an area of study involving cell biology and DNA
5- 3 Possible benefits of reproductive technology are :
,possible increase of the world’s food supply
,producing new types of foods
,uncovers treatment for various diseases
6- DNA is called a nucleic acid because it is found in the cell’s nucleus and is acidic.
7- A Nucleotide is a segment of DNA that is composed of 1 sugar molecule, 1 phosphate group, and 1 of 4 nitrogen bases. (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine)
8- One of the most important messages carried by DNA is instructions for making proteins.
a ) This is important because protein molecules make up most of the structure of cells and tissues in plants and animals.
b ) enzymes and hormones are included in proteins.
9- i ) A codon is made up of 3 consecutive bases, C-T-A.
i i ) DNA contains the instructions on how amino acids should be assembled, which then determines how the codons must be put together.
i i i ) Codons recognize particular amino acids.
i v ) Amino acids are strung together to form proteins.
v ) The number, order, and kinds of amino acids determines the structure and function of the protein.
v i ) “Protein A” is formed by 2 amino acids
v i i ) The segment of DNA with the instruction to form “Protein A” is called “gene A”.
10- Mutations are made when mistakes are made with the characteristics of a cell.
The shape of the protein chains that produce the building blocks and other structures used in life is mostly determined by weak chemical bonds that are easily broken and remade. These chains can shorten, lengthen, and change shape in response to the input or withdrawal of energy. The changes in the chains alter the shape of the protein and can also alter its function or cause it to become either active or inactive. The ATP molecule can bond to one part of a... ... middle of paper ... ...
DNA is made up of nucleotides, and a strand of DNA is known as a polynucleotide. A nucleotide is made up of three parts: A phosphate (phosphoric acid), a sugar (Deoxyribose in the case of DNA), and an organic nitrogenous base2 of which there are four. The four bases are as followed: Adenine (A), Cytosine
Since DNA has the instructions for making the proteins, but it has to be highly protected, it doesn’t leave the nucleus where it is mostly found (Hall, 6). DNA’s function is to be a long-term storage and transmission of the genetic information (DNA vs RNA, 2014). Copies of certain instructions needed for proteins can be made in the form of RNA. It’s not an exact copy of what is found in DNA, but RNA can travel out of the nucleus with the instructions. RNA make...
Describe the steps of protein synthesis beginning with the attachment of a messenger RNA molecule to the small subunit of a ribosome and ending with the release of the polypeptide from the ribosomes. Include in your answer a discussion of how the different types of RNA function in this process.
strands which make up the letters of a genetic code. In certain regions of a DNA strand
Protein synthesis consists of two main steps: transcription and translation. The DNA is found inside of the nucleus and there in the nucleus a copy of one side of the DNA strand is made, this is the messenger RNA or mRNA. After this the mRNA travels through the cytoplasm with the DNA copy and arrives at the ribosomes. The mRNA then goes through the ribosome three bases at a time. A transfer RNA molecule or tRNA then bring the correct amino acid to match the codon. The amino acids then link together to form a long chain of proteins, making amino acids the building blocks of
1. DNA is a nucleic acid that carries the genetic information in the cell and is capable of self-replication and synthesis of RNA. DNA consists of two long chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix and joined by hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases adenine and thymine or cytosine and guanine. The sequence of nucleotides determines individual hereditary characteristics.
Protein have connection with amino acid to help in functions of: skin, muscle, hair and bones
When eaten, protein is broken down into amino acids. Proteins and amino acids are used for almost every metabolic process in the body, and are the building blocks for every tissue in your body.
The Functions of Proteins Introduction Protein accounts for about three-fourths of the dry matter in humans. tissues other than fat and bone. It is a major structural component of hair, skin, nails, connective tissues, and body organs. It is required for practically every essential function in the body. Proteins are made from the following elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen. and often sulphur and phosphorus.
Selective breeding A breed is a particular set of domestic animals or plants having uniform look and behavior, that differentiate it from other animals or plants. Domestication is the process whereby a population of living organisms is changed at the genetic level, through generations of selective breeding, to accentuate traits that ultimately benefit humans. The deliberate breeding of animals and other species to obtain required features by human beings is called selective breeding. It includes breeding methods such as inbreeding, line breeding, etc. The animals that are produced are tamed, and the breeding is usually done by an expert breeder.
Genetic engineering has also opened the doors for humans to choose the different various traits they wish their offspring to feature by unnaturally selecting them. The unnatural selection of humans may have begun as a result of a new type of discrimination due to genetic screening (Cummins 4).
Proteins are considered to be the most versatile macromolecules in a living system. This is because they serve crucial functions in all biological processes. Proteins are linear polymers, and they are made up of monomer units that are called amino acids. The sequence of the amino acids linked together is referred to as the primary structure. A protein will spontaneously fold up into a 3D shape caused by the hydrogen bonding of amino acids near each other. This 3D structure is determined by the sequence of the amino acids. The 3D structure is referred to as the secondary structure. There is also a tertiary structure, which is formed by the long-range interactions of the amino acids. Protein function is directly dependent on this 3D structure.
Secondly the gene has to be cut from its DNA chain. Controlling this process are many restriction endonucleases (restriction enzymes). Each of these enzymes cut DNA at a different base sequence called a recognition sequence. The recognition sequence is 6 base pairs long. The restriction enzymes PstI cuts DNA horizontally and vertically to produce sticky ends.
Since school days the terms like cell, genes, DNA, protein intrigued me a lot and helped me in realizing the dream of pursuing a career in Biotechnology field that has been making many remarkable achievements. The passion towards biological sciences made me to take B.TECH in Biotechnology in Dr. M.G.R. University.