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Female education
Negative effects of patriarchy on gender inequality
Female education
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With growing globalization, India is advancing in technology but still lagging far behind in terms of women’s equality and rights. The adult illiteracy rate in India was 48% in 1995 Women had 62% illiteracy, whereas men had 34% (UNDP, 1997). The literacy rates are lower in rural areas then urban areas (fao.org). These statistics show that there is inequality in terms of education. Nobel Prize–winning economist Amartya Sen states that human capital is important for production potential. The empowerment of women is necessary because it is going to build the human capital of the nation. Women’s empowerment and equality will play a significant role in the process of sustainable development. The government has implemented some policies to improve women’s equality in the area of health, education, employment and politics. However, the patriarchal norms of Indian society tend to keep women’s status secondary. There are some policies that the government has not yet tried which could improve the situation.
Gender discrimination is highly prevalent in India. Rural regions suffer the most from it. The lives of women are controlled under the wills and demands of men. Their world doesn’t go beyond the limits of domestic works. Women cannot easily find ways to gain ground amid the dominant males. It is a traditions that girls get married when they are less than eighteen years of age, never having seen a school. In an article in The New York Times Jim Yardley states, “According to UNICEF, 82 percent of the girls in Rajasthan, where the practice is particularly widespread, are married by 18; 15 percent of girls in rural areas across the country are married before 13; and 52 percent of girls have their first pregnancy between 15 and 19” (A13 )....
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4. Sen, Amartya. Development as Freedom. New York: Knopf, 1999.
5. "Female Infanticide in India." Relief Projects India. Web. 01 Aug. 2011. .
6. Yardley, Jim. "As Wealth and Literacy Rise in India, Report Says, So Do Sex-Selective Abortions." The NewYork Times. 24 Mar. 2011. Web. .
7. Everett, Jane. "Governance Reforms and Rural Women in India: What Types of Women Citizens Are Produced by the Will to Empower?" Oxford Journals | Social Sciences | Social Politics. Web. 01 Aug. 2011. .
8. "SD : People : Asia's Women in Agriculture, Environment and Rural Production : INDIA."FAO: FAO Home. Web. 01 Aug. 2011. .
Mohan, S. et al. (2001). “Baseline Report: Women and Political Representation in India.” International Women’s Rights Action Watch: Asia Pacific (IWRAW). Retrieved on December 17th, 2011 from < http://www.iwraw-ap.org/aboutus/pdf/FPwomen_and_pol_pax.pdf>.
Drèze, Jean, and Amartya Sen. "Gender Inequality and Women's Agency." India: Economic Development and Social Opportunity. Delhi: Oxford UP, 1995. Web.
Adding onto the to the dexterous disposals undergone in order to disencumber themselves from female infants shortly after birth, disdain and bigotry leading to death and sex-selective abortion are other ways by which many female children die each year. These circumstances are most predominant in patriarchal social orders in which females are devalued and a predilection for boys is incorporated within the developmental social ideologies. India is undergoing a female genocide. The primary cause as to why this occurrence does not jostle or provoke global advertence is because it is accomplished through abortion in oppose to killing the females post birth. In India, abortion in itself is a completely legal procedure and the latitudinarian a...
This is necessary as the vast majority of individuals migrating from rural to urban centers has been steadily increasing with the level of economic growth seen within the past twenty years as mentioned earlier. Unfortunately, this situation has further shown the structural issues and inequalities of cities, as most migrants end up having a poor quality of life living in informal settlements as highlight substantially by Boo. As a means of tackling this, however, the Indian government has turned its focus on investing rural regions, developing the agricultural sector. Specifically, Boo mentions that “the prime minister, Manmohan Singh, had come down from Delhi to express his concern for the farmers’ hardships, and the central government’s determination to relieve it” (p. 138). While this is definitely important funds are not being divided justly. For starters, between rural and urban areas almost all investments are being targeting towards rural regions, which is only addressing issues of inequality in one section of the country. Furthermore, across rural areas inequalities of investment are quite often overlooked. Although, “one of the governments hopes was to stop villagers from abandoning their farms and further inundating cities like Mumbai, but Asha’s relatives knew nothing of these celebrated relief programs” (p. 138). Therefore, even though
The practice of female infanticide shows how desirable having a male child is that parents would take the lives of a female baby. The dowry system in India is the main cause of female infanticide in India. Gender inequalities in the rural part of northern India exhibit female infanticide occurs here the most despite laws to abolish these acts. Men hold a higher value in this society because a system they adapted many years ago. Men are seen as an asset or of value because at one point his future wife and her family will “pay” for him. Daughters are opposite and viewed as a burden to the family because she will have to marry one day and that will cost her parents. So women are not viewed equally here even as infants, they don’t even stand a chance. Officials have tried to make laws to assist in reducing female infanticide but people have continued to follow traditions of the dowry systems putting the population at risk as well
Rajib, Shagun, Shireen. “Women’s Empowerment and Forced Sex within Marriage in Rural India”. Economic & Political Weekly, 14 January 2012.
Mellor (2007) and Lahar (1991) have stressed the importance of grass-root movements and their role in the improvement of ecofeminist theory. The Chipko and Utttarakhand movement are few examples to show how women centred movements began to echo around the world w.r.t nature conservation and anti-oppression. Both Uttarakhand movement and Chipko are similar as both seeked control over local resources and demanded protection of the subsistence livelihood like subsistence agriculture and forest rights. These movements fought against growing commercialisation and exploitation of forest resources by the people residing in the plains (Mitra, 1993).
Women, not only in India but throughout the world, in the more recent years have gained enough power to raise their voice and become independent. When discussing a Hindu woman’s status and role in society, one can conclude that until recently, women have been burdened and suppressed by the patriarchal and marital power. “The society depicted in doctrinaire literature reflects a strong system of patriarchal values and a rigid code of conduct for women.” A society expects a great deal from its women and forces upon unbreakable rules, which come with unbearable consequences that both the family and individual female would have to face if...
For the duration of time, society perceives men as superior, which infused to their cultural aspect in life. Society instilled male dominance to the minds of young children, imposing a role each sex must play. Girls are slaves of society, submitting to men as their master. And child brides are a perfect way to exhibit patriarchy society (Ludden). The young girl would be married off to take care of her own family, crippling them in attaining an education and getting a job. Girls were not meant to work (Radu). It is also said that the purpose of marrying off girls young was to keep their attractiveness. Roberta Radu says, “'Virginity is an "asset" that families customarily trade for substantial sums of money, so marriage is arranged as early as possible in order to preserve the girl's "desirability". Out of all of these inducements money was the biggest factor. Parents would arrange their daughter marriage due to poverty. The bride’s family would receive a dowry, basically trading girls for money. Again, girls were burdens and the parents used child marriage as a relief...
This is not the first time India has concentrated on focusing the subject of women’s equality and empowerment. The Indian women’s movement has a gratified and lively past promoting on issues of family law, employment, education, female infanticide and reproductive health, widowhood, domestic violence and political representation amongst other issues. Indian civil society, through the movements of hundreds of non-government organizations spread across the country, has been keenly involved in encouraging the importance of women for decades. The Indian state has also prepared some important judicial changes to provision women’s employment and political rights most recen...
Home, a place to relax and unwind from the day, is where women in this society have the most stress. They are constantly judged with high expectations from their family.
This paper studies to analyze the status of Women Empowerment in India and emphasize the Challenges and issues of Women Empowerment. Now a day the empowerment of women has become one of the most important concern topics of 21st century. But practically women empowerment is still a fantasy of reality. We study in our day to day life how women become victimized by different social evils. Women Empowerment is the essential tool to expand women’s ability to have resources to make strategic life choices. Empowerment of women is essentially the progression of boost up of economic level, social status and political status of women, the traditionally underprivileged ones, in the society.
Centuries ago, this same land treated women as equals to men and were respected. It is quite heartbreaking to acknowledge the fact that Indian society today, tries to oppress women and deny progressive opportunities to them in the name of religion and culture. A woman in the Indian society is not respected enough without a man in her life. She is reduced to the status of a commodity, used by men for pleasure. Such incidents are more commonly experienced by rural women who are victims of poverty, domestic violence, economic exploitation and educational deprivation. Such factors have a severe impact on their psychological functioning which leads to poor self image and belief in one’s
The issue of gender inequality is one which has been publicly reverberating through society for years. Gender inequality is one of the most serious & ethical issues in India today. Gender inequality in India is described as a preferential treatment arising out of prejudice based on the gender. The aim of this research is to discuss the status of women in India in the past, present and future and discuss any political movements which took place in the society in order for Women to be regarded as equal.
Female foeticide has become a disgraceful and shocking reality of this nation. For centuries, families across many parts of India have look upon the male child as the superlative of the two sexes. A male child is seen as a blessing in the Indian society and since years people have made lavish offerings and numerous prayers in hopes for getting a son. These beliefs continue to remain even though times have changed and now much of the inequality is reducing. The Indian society recognizes a insightful faith in every individual’s right to life and dignity but this rights are dishonored when it comes to women and children in this society. A difference in a society’s ideal values and its reality is defined as a social