has an enzyme known as autolysin that is responsible for disintegration and disruption of epithelial cells. Furthermore, S.pneumoniae has many essential virulence factors like capsule which is made up of polysaccharides that avoids complement C3b opsonization of cells by phagocytes. Many vaccines contain different capsular antigens which were isolated from various strains (Todar, 2003). There are plenty of S.pneumoniae strains that developed resistance to most popular antibiotics like macrolides,
org/education/breathing-in-america/resources/chapter-15-pneumonia.pdf Pneumonia factsheet. 2013. World Health Organization. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs331/en/ Poll, T., Opal, M.S. Pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia. 2009. Lancet 374: p. 1543–56. Retrieved from http://www.umcutrecht.nl/NR/rdonlyres/A34BBBAE-1C56-42C1-B308-070A781CE82C/20643/2Review_pneumocpneumonia_poll_opal_lancet.pdf Streptococcus pneumoniae TIGR4. 2001. NCBI database taxonomy
Vaccines have been around for hundreds of years starting in 1796 when Edward Jenner created the first smallpox vaccine. Jenner, an English country doctor noticed cowpox, which were blisters forming on the female cow utters. Jenner then took fluid from the cow blister and scratched it into an eight-year-old boy. A single blister came up were the boy had been scratched but it quickly recovered. After this experiment, Jenner injected the boy with smallpox matter. No disease arose, the vaccine was a
pneumonia. It also causes otitis media, bacteremia, meningitis, peritonitis, and sinusitis. The route by which this organism is spread is from human to human in the form of aerosol droplets. When inside the host the organism’s primary site of pneumococcal colonization is the nasopharynx. From this site it can aspire to the lungs, eventually spread to the blood and traverse the blood-brain barrier to the meninges, once inside the blood it can cause infections throughout the body. Symptoms of the
Meningococcal Disease Treatments and Vaccines Meningococcal disease is a large concern in the medical field because it is unbiased towards the patients it infects. There has been limited success in trying to eliminate this disease. Antibiotics play a role in helping to treat patients with bacterial meningitis, and steroids have been tested to help reduce risk factors. Prevention has also become a key issue because meningitis can only be spread through direct contact with infected body fluid. The
of being admitted to the hospital, Frankie was dead. The first vaccine for humans was created in 1796 by Edward Jenner for cowpox. This led to him discovering the vaccine for
asking your physicians office. Starting at birth the newborn will receive a list of vaccines. Hepatitis B vaccine is given once at birth and again twice more at 1 and 6 months old. The DTap also known as diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis vaccine, the Hib or Haemophilus Influenzae type b vaccine, the IPV or inactivated poliovirus vaccine, PCV or pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, and the Rotavirus vaccine are given at 2, 4 and 6 months. However at 6 months the IPV can be delivered between
Respiratory System Emphysema One of the common diseases in the respiratory system that many people around the world face is emphysema or also known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is a chronic lung condition where the alveoli or air sacs may be damaged or enlarged resulting in short of breath (Mayo Clinic, 2011). If emphysema is left untreated, it will worsen causing the sphere shaped air sacs to come together making holes and reduce the surface area of the lungs and the amount
they are now commonly referred to as vaccinations or immunizations. Vaccines are used to trigger the immune system to recognize a disease and produce antibodies to protect the body. Vaccines come in many different types, for most diseases there is a single vaccine for each strand. There is not a vaccine for all diseases, as HIV, Malaria, and Hookworm are a few that do not have a licenced vaccine (Bottazzi, 2016). In order for a vaccine to be considered licensed it must undergo rigorous testing and pass
given from birth and continued through the elderly years. Shots are used to prevent all sorts of illnesses and diseases. However, there are risks and controversy involved. Arguably vaccines can help or hurt the individual. Time will tell the verdict of the discussion about whether vaccines will still be used. Vaccines are one of modern medicine 's game-changing breakthroughs, but they have been around for hundreds of years earlier in primitive forms. Dating back to medieval times, the first precursor