The Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP) was developed by National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) to archive and distribute the results of various studies that have examined the interaction of genotype and phenotype. It is public repository for individual level phenotype, exposure, genotype, sequence data and the associations between them. Searching relevant studies of particular interest accurately and completely is challenging task due to keyword based search method of dbGaP
Phenylthiocarbamide is used to test tasting phenotype and genotypes. In 1931 a hypothesis was formulated stating that at least one bitter receptor is sensitive to PTC but is also inactive in some individuals [Newcomb R.D, 2012]. PTC concentration paper of different concentration was used in this experiment to test the ability to taste PTC amongst genetic lab students. DNA was extracted from cheek cells, amplified with PCR and digested with HaeIII. The purpose of this experiment is to compare the
Designer Babies: What is Ethical? Imagine a parent walking into what looks like a conference room. A sheet of paper waits on a table with numerous questions many people wish they had control over. Options such as hair color, skin color, personality traits and other physical appearances are mapped out across the page. When the questions are filled out, a baby appears as he or she was described moments before. The baby is the picture of health, and looks perfect in every way. This scenario seems
mother and the other given by the father. These can be either identical, in which case they are referred to as to as homozygous, or different (referred to as heterozygous). Furthermore, alleles can be either dominant or recessive. For heterozygous genotypes, this is manifested in either Bb or bB (order is important due to lineage of alleles from parents), so that both a dominant and recessive allele of a gene is present. Differently for
states that the frequency of alleles and genotypes in a population’s gene pool remain constant over the generations unless acted upon by agents other than sexual recombination. For example, take a population of mice that consists of 1,000 members. A specific allele, albino allele, is recessive within this species. 80% of the population expresses the normal phenotype- brown coloring, while the remaining 20% are albino. 640 members of the population have the genotype AA, 320 have Aa, and 40 have aa. If
Gregor Mendel has achieved many scientific breakthroughs in his time spent at the monastery, especially considering the limited knowledge available to him regarding the fundamental genetic material of all life. The purpose of the genetics experiment that was conducted was to verify the Mendelian patterns of inheritance that were demonstrated in class actually were comparable to patterns of inheritance demonstrated by several generations of Drosophila melanogaster. Drosophila are a perfect species
Personal Ecology A deep desire to cry. The hanging, haunting chant of Gordon Comes at Night, waves of sweat crystallizing on the skin, loosened joints, unfolded from the lodge into the cold night air. Wiped clean, nothing to say. Reach inside for a voice, a meaning, the distance between the earth and the moon in its fullness. Which orbits which? For a year I sat in the only seat that was not part of the circle. "Me" is still a long way off. Each stanza seems a step in a different direction.
I have to pull two alleles (two straws) from the bag to represent one fish because fishes like humans get two alleles one from their father and one from their mother. Summary of the phenotypic frequency (fish color) and the allele frequency (straw color) Test 1: In the first test the phenotypic frequency changed to favor fish that were green or yellow colored as every other blue fish was targeted by predators. In the last generation only one blue fish was left and eight and six of the green and yellow
Definition: Baby We’re having a baby! Baby girl, I miss you. Don’t be a baby. That car is all I live for, it’s my baby. The word baby has numerous definitions and meanings. All of its different interpretations derive from the feelings of the first definition, baby, as in an infant. This was the first literal meaning of the word and all of the other meanings followed suit from what a baby is and what it expresses. For example, baby as in a name for a romantic partner has a meaning of affection and
Over thousands of years, humans have domesticated animals for various reasons. Among these domesticated species companion animals hold multiple questions, from why do humans have companion animals to how certain desired behavioral traits developed. When observing closely related species or species with a common ancestor one can clearly see the difference along with similarities among a variety of traits. Behavior, just like any other trait, can also be observed and related to closely related species
additional information of CNP could increase the accuracy of predicted genotypic value, compared to using SNP information alone in an association study. The accuracy was heavily dependent on the heritability of CNP phenotypes (correlation of CNP genotype and phenotype) (Table 3). The higher accuracy of the prediction with CNP information might also result in smaller mean squared errors of prediction (Table 4)’. On the other hand, the authors found that linkage disequilibrium (LD) between SNP and
Using PCR and Gel Electrophoresis to Determine Genotype In certain situations, it is necessary to identify DNA retreived from a sample. When there is a small sample in need of identification, Polymerase Chain Reactions are used to multiply the DNA in the sample in to many identical samples. The DNA retrieved from the reaction can then be imported into an aparatus using gel electrophoresis to compare the sample of DNA to other samples. In our experiment we learned the how to replicate tiny
The ability to taste the bitter chemical phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) is an example of dimorphism, a type of polymorphism, with the coexistence of two phenotypes of a character. Most human population are dimorphic, can either detect PTC as a foul, bitter taste or cannot taste it at all. The pedigree in Figure (a) is an example of how two tasters sometimes produce nontaster children.1 According to this pedigree we can conclude that the allele that confers the ability to taste is dominant and that the
person that first received the mutation have inherited the mutated gene (controls inherited traits). Sickle Cell Disease is a recessive disease, which means that a person only inherits the disease if both the genes in the genotype are recessive. To explain further, a genotype is a two letter code used to show the genes an organism has for a trait (for example: RR, Rr, or rr). Each letter represents a version of a gene, or an allele. There are two variations of alleles for a trait - a dominant allele
Pedigrees A pedigree, which is also called a genealogy, can be formally defined as “a group of individuals together with a full specification of all the relationships among them” (Thompson, 1986). Pedigrees can be shown graphically. One example of a pedigree is shown in Figure 2.3. By convention we use a square to denote a male and a circle to denote a female. Horizontal lines below couples are used to represent marriages. Parents and their children are linked through vertical lines. The individuals
previously dealt with using combinations of drugs such as pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin (RVB). These drugs are dependent on several factors such as HCV genotype, treatment duration, past treatment, side effects and the patient condition. In 2013, a promising antiviral drug, sofosbuvir, brings hope to the eradication of all genotypes of HCV. This bibliography would evaluate the effectiveness and safety of sofosbuvir in treating chronic hepatitis C either in combination with other drugs or alone
aa 2.Brown eyes are dominant (B) and blue eyes are recessive (b). Since the man is brown eyed, here genotype could be either BB or Bb, because in both cases the B would be dominant over the b. 3. ½ or 50% B b b Bb bb b Bb bb 4.The parent's genotype must be Ww and Ww, with white being the dominant gene. This will give a result of ¾ white, and ¼ black White is
1. 8. Dengue Virus The causative agent of the dengue disease is the dengue virus (DENV), a group of four flaviviruses that are closely related but antigenically distinct. They are hypothesised to have evolved independently from ancestral sylvatic viruses between 100-1,500 years ago (Wang et al., 2000). The four groups are known as serotypes and denoted as dengue virus type 1 (DENV-1), dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2), dengue virus type 3 (DENV-3) and dengue virus type 4 (DENV-4). 1. 8. 1. Taxonomy There
Peppered moth simulations Many factors can cause a population’s genetic structure to change. When a population’s genotype and allele frequencies change over time, the population is said to be evolving. The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Theory is used in population genetics to determine whether these factors act on a population and in turn, whether it is evolving or not. An experiment was conducted using the peppered moth PopGenLab software to test how disassortative mating affects a population of only
Introduction Biologist, Gregor Johann Mendel, discovered how traits passed from one generation to the next. Mendel studied and used pea plants to discover the principles that rule heredity. He found that each parent, father, and mother pass down traits to their offspring, who inherit different combinations of their recessive or dominant alleles-terms introduced by Mendel during the 19th century. Mendel introduced important principles teaching us that recessive traits will only be shown in the phenotype