Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil BOILING POINTS AND STRUCTURES OF HYDROCARBONS The boiling points of organic compounds can give important clues to other physical properties. A liquid boils when its vapor pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure. Vapor pressure is determined by the kinetic energy of molecules. Kinetic energy is related to temperature and the mass and velocity of the molecules. When the temperature reaches the boiling point, the average kinetic energy of the liquid particles
From the middle of twentieth century, due to exceptional importance of the crude oil in the supply of the world's energy demands, it has become one of the major indicators of economic activities of the world. Even after the appearance of alternate forms of energy like solar power, water and wind, the importance of crude oil as the main source of energy still cannot be denied. This sharp increase in the world oil prices and the volatile exchange rates are generally regarded as the factors of discouraging
Crude Oil - Contaminants Sour Crude - Crude oil containing free sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, or other sulfur-containing compounds in amounts greater than 1% is considered sour crude [3]. Sulfurs must be removed from the crude oil before the oil can be refined as sulfurs are damaging to the environment. The higher the sulfur content the less you will pay for the fuel. Hydrodesulfurization removes the sulfur contents. A process in which hot hydrogen rich gas is pumped through the substance and H2S is
A Crude Awakening - The Oil crash This paper will explore the reasons for why the Oil Crash is a social problem and try to come up with solutions as to what we can do in order to keep our civilization going the way it is, keep the stability of the economy and sustain the natural environment. Sustainability means that we should be able to meet the demands of our current lifestyle and live an adequate life while also allowing the future generation to do so in their time without compromising them (Oskamp
Crude oil is a strategic product, in the sense that it is a most necessary fuel for all industries of nations in the world. While crude oil is a most strategy input for productions, transportations, and national defends, whoever have control over this source of energy will dominate over other countries, so in addition to supply and demand factors that affect the price, consumers must pay attention to the producers and export countries that can use this product as a weapon. Such as during and after
Crude Oil Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbon molecules formed over millions of years when the remains of microscopic sea creatures trapped in sediments were converted by heat and pressure into crude oil. The most abundant of these mixtures are the ones containing hydrogen and carbon only. These hydrocarbons can take on a number of different forms, i.e. alkanes, alkenes and alkynes. They vary in size and shape and viscosity. By manipulating these chains of hydrocarbons you
According to Devold (2013) Crude oil is petroleum liquid within earth that comprises of small components of metals and hydrocarbon, which is the combination of hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Crude oils have numerous elements that make them more or less attractive to refiners. Oil that is less sticky and flows more easily, is referred to as light crude oil, while stickier that requires heating in order to flow is referred as heavy crude oil. Light crude oil is used to mix finished products such as
The recent surge in the cost of heating oil, diesel fuel, and gasoline in the United States has had significant impact on many sectors of the U.S. economy, but most importantly it has had quite a devastating affect on the trucking industry. This is important due to the fact that nearly “70% of U.S. communities rely solely on trucking for their supplies” (“ATA” 23). If the government continues it’s trend of non-intervention and refuses to place pressure on OPEC, the prices will continue to soar well
Shell Nigeria In 1958 the Royal Dutch/Shell Group started drilling for, transporting and refining oil in Nigeria. Nigeria’s large supply of high quality crude oil helped Shell climb to the top, by 1994 Shell made more money than other company in the world. Everything changed for Shell in 1996 when the world became aware of their unethical business practices in Nigeria. Shell had raped the environment, violated human rights of the Nigerian people and manipulated local governments for profit. Royal
Cleaning up contamination: Phytoremediation is a novel, efficient, environmentally friendly, low-cost technology, which uses plants and trees to clean up soil and water contaminated with heavy metals and/or organic contaminants such as solvents, crude oil, polyaromatic hydrocarbons and other toxic compounds from contaminated environments. This technology is useful for soil and water remediation. Mechanisms: Phytoremediation uses one basic concept: the plant takes the pollutant through the roots
Locked Out Death is a small price to pay for respect--the words spilled from the headphones like crude oil. Erway Dewey listened to the music barely hearing the lyrics. The words were dark and damaging but soothed the roughness of the harsh surroundings. It didn't matter what the words said anyway, Erway thought, it ain't real life. Erway stood in the shadow that the old warehouse doorway cast against the rising sun. He hoped the bus wouldn't take much longer because although the building
winter months ahead. The four commodities mentioned in this article, crude oil, heating oil, gasoline and natural gas are all substitutes for one another. This is true because the cross elasticity of demand states that as the percentage change in the quantity demanded of one commodity results from a one percent change in the price of another commodity. In other words, the increase in demand for crude oil, gasoline, and heating oil was the outcome of the price increase in natural gas. As shown
CHEMISTRY ISU: REFINEMENT OF CRUDE OIL My ISU will focus on Petroleum, a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that occurs in the Earth in liquid, gaseous, or solid forms. The term is usually restricted to the liquid form, commonly called crude oil, but as a technical term it also includes natural gas and the viscous or solid form known as bitumen. In its liquid and gaseous states, it is also known as Oil, or Crude Oil. Italicized are segments from my ISU or introductions to the planned topics. In my
ordinary people. II. Petroleum Petroleum "occurs in a liquid phase as crude oil and condensate and in a gaseous phase as natural gas" (Petroleum Geology, 2003). The development of petroleum in gaseous phase is largely dependent on the "kind of source rock from which the petroleum was formed and the physical and thermal environment in which it exists" (Petroleum Geology, 2003). Petroleum is commonly identified as the crude oil, in liquid form, which is found deep below the ground surface around less
Crude oil is perhaps more easily found than water in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, which is home to nearly a quarter of the world's proven petroleum reserves (Klare 55). Naturally, this has caught the rapacious eye of the United States, which has, especially since the establishment in 1980 of the Carter Doctrine, increasingly defined the security of its extra-national oil supplies as a matter of vital national interest even during times of peace (33). At the end of World War II, envisioning the future
Oil Price and Demand In Earlier days man needed Food, Air and Water for Survival but with the Advent of Time and Technology another very Important Factor was added to this list that is 'OIL'. The price of oil is of critical importance to today's world economy, given that oil is the largest internationally traded good, both in volume and value terms (creating what some analysts have called a "hydrocarbon economy"). In addition, the prices of energy-intensive goods and services are linked
structure Decker predicted did not mean that his nomenclature would be used to identify the compound. That honor was bestowed upon its discoverers Landa and Machcahcaeck who used the Greek translation of diamond, adamantane, to identify the compound.2 Crude petroleum is separated into its component compounds by fractional distillation. The procedure involves a sample of the petroleum to be heated until the sample is vaporized leaving behind any solid impurities. The resulting steam enters a fractional
more than 1½ miles deep. Salt was first taken from the sea by scooping out shallow holes along the seashore. Waves, breaking along the shore, filled the holes with brine. The sun and wind causes the water in the brine to evaporate, leaving behind the crude salt. This process was known as the solar method. The solar method is still used. But, to speed the process of evaporation, the brine is put in enormous iron pans placed over extremely hot fires. Salt obtained in this manner is very pure. But it has
million after September 11th. Seeing all these people that got killed and all the families that got destroyed just brings me to the conclusion that these people have no respect, no humanity, no heart, no nothing. These people are worth crap to me. This crude world makes my worldviews change from time to time. Here are some of my views that I have always had and that never changed: First off, looking upon honesty. I say honesty because being lie to is plain not fun. I don’t even consider people who aren’t
of my ability tested my hypothesis. In conducting the tests I created graphs and tables of my work. At the conclusion of my experiment I came up with an answer that was almost unpredictable with the information that I was using. Although this was a crude experiment, I believe that I did gain a lot from it. Introduction The drug that I chose, Ibuprofen, is an anti-inflammatory analgesic. It is propionic acid that is white and powdery, and soluble in water, and organic solvents such as ethanol and acetone