Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
BOILING POINTS AND STRUCTURES OF HYDROCARBONS
The boiling points of organic compounds can give important clues to other physical properties. A liquid boils when its vapor pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure. Vapor pressure is determined by the kinetic energy of molecules. Kinetic energy is related to temperature and the mass and velocity of the molecules. When the temperature reaches the boiling point, the average kinetic energy of the liquid particles is sufficient to overcome the forces of attraction that hold molecules in the liquid state. Then these molecules break away from the liquid forming the gas state.
Vapor pressure is caused by an equilibrium between molecules in the gaseous state and molecules in the liquid state. When molecules in the liquid state have sufficient kinetic energy, they may escape from the surface and turn into a gas. Molecules with the most independence in individual motions achieve sufficient kinetic energy (velocities) to escape at lower temperatures. The vapor pressure will be higher and therefore the compound will boil at a lower temperature.
BOILING POINT PRINCIPLE:
Molecules which strongly interact or bond with each other through a variety of intermolecular forces can not move easily or rapidly and therefore, do not achieve the kinetic energy necessary to escape the liquid state. Therefore, molecules with strong intermolecular forces will have higher boiling points. This is a consequence of the increased kinetic energy needed to break the intermolecular bonds so that individual molecules may escape the liquid as gases.
THE BOILING POINT CAN BE A ROUGH MEASURE OF THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY NECESSARY TO SEPARATE A LIQUID MOLECULE FROM ITS NEAREST NEIGHBORS.
MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND CHAIN LENGTH TRENDS IN BOILING POINTS
A series of alkanes demonstrates the general principle that boiling points increase as molecular weight or chain length increases (table 1.).
Table 1. BOILING POINTS OF ALKANES
Formula Name Boiling Point C Normal State at Room Temp. +20 C
CH4 Methane -161 gas
CH3CH3 Ethane - 89
CH3CH2CH3 Propane - 42
CH3CH2CH2CH3 Butane -0.5
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 Pentane + 36 liquid
CH3(CH2)6CH3 Octane +125
QUES. State whether the compounds above will be a gas or liquid state at room temperature (20 C). Hint: If the boiling point is below 20 C, then the liquid has already boiled andthe compound is a gas.
The reason that longer chain molecules have higher boiling points is that longer chain molecules become wrapped around and enmeshed in each other much like the strands of spaghetti.
It was learned that changing the volume of the same substance will never change the boiling point of the substance. However having two different substances with the same volume will result in two different boiling points. The purpose of this lab was to determine if changing the volume of a substance will change the boiling point. This is useful to know in real life because if someone wanted to boil water to make pasta and did not know how much water to
The researcher conducting this experiment is trying to find out which salt- Epsom, table salt, and sea salt- will increase the boiling point of water the most. Sodium chloride is believed to increase the boiling point of water because when salt is suspended into the water, the sodium and chlorine ions leave the “salt crystals” and mix with the water molecules. (“Why does salt… raise boiling point of water?”, 2009).
Synchronized swimming, also known as pattern swimming or water ballet, is an Olympic sport that mixes swimming with ballet and gymnastics, and includes diving, stunts, lifts, and endurance movements. It developed from ornamental swimming and into a recognized sport in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with swimmers performing round-dances in the water as a swimming art form.
Of the alcohols tested 1-Butanol was found to contain the strongest intermolecular forces (IMF) of attraction, with Methanol containing the weakest. It was discovered through experimentation that Methanol induced the highest ?T of all alcohols tested, and that conversely 1-Butanol induced the lowest ?T. The atomic structure of all four alcohols is very similar, as starting with 1-Butanol a CH2 group is lost as you move from 1-Butanol to 1-Propanol to Ethanol and then again to Methanol. Each structure is fairly linear and contains an H-bond with Oxygen, so the real change is found in the loss of the CH2 group, this lowers the liquid’s Molecular Mass, thus lowering the London forces as you move from 1-Butanol through 1-Propanol and Ethanol, to Methanol. Since the IMF within 1-Butanol are stronger than the other three alcohols, it has a higher ?Hvap. During the experiment, all 4 alcohols tested (indeed all 7 liquids tested) were exposed to the room temperature air of the laboratory. Thus the free-floating gas particles in the lab air were able to impart Kinetic Energy to the liquids being sampled, at a constant rate under fairly controlled and consistent conditions. This resulted in the kinetic energy being absorbed into the liquid from the air surrounding the temperature probe, causing said air to drop in temperature, which was duly reported by the probe, and used to calculate the ?T of the liquid. In the case of 1-Butanol the ?T was very small, indeed smaller than any other liquid tested. It also took a very long time comparatively to reach its minimum, as opposed to a liquid with a high ?T like Methanol which was quite fast. An inverse relationship is found then between the ?T and the strength of the IMF ...
As the temperature increases, the movements of molecules also increase. This is the kinetic theory. When the temperature is increased the particles gain more energy and therefore move around faster. This gives the particles more of a chance with other particles and with more force.
Swimming has evolved over the course of our history in many ways. Swimming used to only be a leisure activity. It was usually not for competing. Swimming first evolved when people found ten thousand year old rock paintings with people swimming on them on a cave of a wall in Egypt. The pictures showed different swimming styles such as the breaststroke and the doggy paddle. The most famous
To some people, sneakers are nothing more than just a regular item. Citizens of the sneaker world presume this object to be immortal. It is easy to see that this representation of the structure of every society as an edifice containing a base (infrastructure) on which are erected the two ‘floors’ of the superstructure (Altusser 38). There are some sneakers that sneaker gurus think a person shouldn’t wear because of the design, structures, and meaning of the shoe. Some sneakers are very scarce. Customers buy the shoes at retail price and then resell them for hundreds more than what the retail price was. The value of some sneakers, such as the Nike Foamposite Galaxy, can reach into the thousands.
This due to the fact that because of hydrogen bonding, the electrostatic force of attraction in the molecules becomes large and greater energy is required to separate these molecules before they can boil or melt.
Swimming is simple; it consists of two parts -- pulling and kicking. However, swimming is not all about strength, technique, or skill; it is also about fluid dynamics, drag reduction, and body structure. Due to drag reduction, some swimmers will go to extremes to reduce drag. How efficiently a swimmer kicks and pulls is also influenced by the viscosity of the water (the thickness of the water). As well as having strong muscles throughout the body because almost every muscle is used while swimming, there are many variables that effect the speed of a swimmer.
It is based on physics, and the 2nd law of thermodynamics. A liquid is vaporized through compression, which requires kinetic energy. This draws the energy needed from the direct area; causing a loss in energy and then it
Enzyme activity increases as temperature increases. Inversely, enzyme activity decreases as temperature decreases. At higher temperatures molecules move faster causing them to collide more. Therefore, enzymes collide with their substrates more at higher temperatures and the opposite at lower temperatures. When the temperature gets too hot, however, the enzyme will denature meaning its shape will be changed to the point where it can no longer bind with its substrate. This experiment will show the effects of temperature on enzyme activity of an amylose enzyme.
To swim well u need to know how to coordinate your arms and legs to get you
Since the days of Aristotle, all substances have been classified into one of three physical states. A substance having a fixed volume and shape is a solid. A substance, which has a fixed volume but not a fixed shape, is a liquid; liquids assume the shape of their container but do not necessarily fill it. A substance having neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume is a gas; gases assume both the shape and the volume of their container. The structures of gases, and their behavior, are simpler than the structures and behavior of the two condensed phases, the solids and the liquids
The objective of competitive swimming is to be the fastest to swim a particular length of water using a certain swimming style. Relay events and individual events are both available in competitive swimming. The rules and regulations of swimming are set out by the Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA). There are a few key rules that should be noted to avoid disqualification in competitive swimming. A false start will lead to immediate disqualification even when participating in a relay event and can be devastating to the team or individual. The other key rules are based on technique used in races. One common disqualification occurs in breaststroke and butterfly, where the swimmer is required to touch the wall simultaneously with both hands parallel for every turn and finish.
Moreover, during a summer vacation with family and a co-worker I decided to face my fears and learn to swim at a local pool. I approached the pool with a co-worker, who was an experienced swimmer and we began with safety, breathing, and coordination techniques. First, we focus on breathing techniques which exhaling through your nose/mouth as soon as you inhale; was a difficult critical task. Next, we learned the locomotion and range of how many limbs should maneuver in the water; that point we entered the water. Once in the water I began to loosen with fate of learning to swim with conference of conquering my quest. During my swimming session I reminisce of the